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Physiology of Reproduction > T3: Spermatozoa/ Sperm Charcaterisitcs > Flashcards

T3: Spermatozoa/ Sperm Charcaterisitcs Flashcards

1
Q

what parts make up the sperm

A

head and tail

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2
Q

what makes up the head in the sperm?

A

nucleus, acrosome, post nuclear cap

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3
Q

what makes up the tail in the sperm?

A

middle piece, principal piece, and terminal piece

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4
Q

what part has different characteristics for each species

A

the head, some tail variations

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5
Q

name the basic components of the sperm

A

acrosome and nucleus in the head, then the neck, mitochondrion(middle piece), plasma membrane, and tail

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6
Q

describe the nucleus of the head

A

-oval, flattened
-genetic material is nearly inert due to high degree of keratinization (disulfide cross-linking)

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7
Q

what happens in the nucleus of the head at fertilization

A

disulfide cross links are reduced by glutathione in cytoplasm of oocyte

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8
Q

what is the acrosome and what is the importance

A

-covers the anterior 2/3 of the nucleus
-membrane-bound lysosome that contains hydrolytic enzymes

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9
Q

what is the post nuclear cap

A

-membrane component posterior to the acrosome

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10
Q

describe the sperm head anatomy

A

at the top there is the apical ridge(enzymes are found here) following is the acrosome, then post nuclear cap, the nuclear ring/ equatorial ring separates the two regions, the plasma membrane surrounds the entire head and in the center is the nucleus

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11
Q

what are the two acrosomal enzymes

A

acrosin, hyaluronidase

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12
Q

where are the disulfide bonds

A

nucleus

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13
Q

what makes up the middle piece of the tail

A

-mitochondria: arranged in a helical structure
-laminated columns: flexibility for movement
-9 coarse fibers
-9 pairs of microtubules around 2 central filaments

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14
Q

what are the laminated columns, mitochondrial helix, and axoneme used for

A

flexibility, energy, and bending

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15
Q

what causes movement of the sperm

A

axoneme, motor proteins connecting the microtubules, allow the tail to bend and move the sperm through the repro tract

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16
Q

T/F the axoneme stretches through the entire tail

A

true

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17
Q

T/F the mitochondria are only contained in the middle piece

A

true

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18
Q

describe the components of the axoneme/ important motor proteins and their role

A

-Radial Spokes: that connect the microtubule inward (outer to center)
-Dynein arms: help with flagella movement(small stem like protrusions form the tubule) MOVEMENT
-Nexin: Anchoring protein, helps keep the outer tubes connected

19
Q

describe the microtubule sliding in sperm tail

A
  1. Dynein arm elongated and attached (no ATP rigor)
  2. Dynein arm detaches and shortens(ATP release)
  3. Dynein arm tilts, elongates and attaches at lower site (ATP to ADP + energy/ re-extension/binding)
    4.Dynein arm shortens and returns to horizontal “rigor” (elevation to sliding)
    noted as walking up and down the pairs of microtubules
20
Q

Describe the microtubule arrangement

A

2 central (singlet microtubules) to 9 microtubule doublets
- flagella can have portions of the tubule in different states and this is what gives it the shape
(9,9,2 arrangement of the axoneme)

21
Q

what follows after the posterior head and is before the laminated columns (start of the middle piece)

A

capitulum

22
Q

what is the juncture between the middle pieces and the principal piece

A

the annulus

23
Q

what is the majority of the tail

A

principial piece

24
Q

where is the fibrous helix found

A

in the principal piece, which is above the terminal piece

25
Q

describe the subsections of the sperm

A
  1. Head: acrosome, neck/ capitulum
    2.Tail
    -Capitulum, midpiece, principal piece, and terminal piece
    -the capitulum fits into the implantation socket
    -annulus is separating the midpiece from the principal piece
26
Q

where do microtubules end

A

in the terminal piece

27
Q

what is the primary energy supply for sperm

A

glucose

28
Q

describe the ATP utilization in sperm

A
  • motility (60%)
    -substrate cycling (40%): wasted
    -maintenance of ionic gradients: very small amount
    -no transcription and translation: none after condensation of nucleus and loss of residual body(cytoplasmic droplet)
29
Q

what is sperm metabolism dependent on

A

-temperature (movement of flagella)
-ATP production increases as temperature increases
-ATP dependent processes are temp dependent
-motility increases with increasing temperature
-beat frequency increases with temp increase

30
Q

how is sperm transported? what does each region do?

A
  1. vas efferentia: fluid flow/ cilia
  2. vas deferens: contractions
  3. corpus: contractions
  4. cauda: contractions
    5.semiferous tubule: bulk fluid flow, contractions of myoid cells
  5. rete testis: fluid flow, RT secretion
  6. Caput: contractions
31
Q

what is the epididymal function

A

-change in fertility
-develop motility
-nuclear condensation
-cytoplasmic droplet
-increase disulfide crosslinking
-transport/ maturation mainly

32
Q

what is the importance of a breeding soundness exam

A

ensures the male is ready to breed/ security blanket

33
Q

what are the ejaculate characteristics of the species

A

bull-1 sec- single fraction
ram- 1 sec- single fraction
boar- 5-25 minutes- fractionated sperm free/ sperm rich coagulum

stallion-30-60 seconds- fractionated sperm free/ sperm rich mucus
human- 10-30 seconds- single fraction but coagulated

34
Q

what are the things tested during a initial semen evaluation

A

color, volume, (visual) concentration, motility, viability, morphology

35
Q

what is the typical semen color and volume

A

-color : white to cream color is good
yellow: urine is present
clear or thin: few sperm

-volume: weight 1ml to 1 gm
-concentration
hemocytometer: gold standard
spectrophotometer, photometer, fluorometer (measure DNA)

36
Q

What are the components to a motility evaluation

A

-also a viability evaluation
-visual estimation (nearest 5% estimate)
-total motility: all moving sperm
-progressive motility: sperm moving in a straight line
-CASA: computer aided sperm analysis
-tracts individual sperm and computes a variety of stats

37
Q

what is key to usefulness of data obtained

A

sample preparation

38
Q

what does the color of the green florescent sperm in the viability assay mean? red?

A

red is dead
green is viable

39
Q

what are the different sample preparations and methods for evaluation

A

-stain vs. no stain
-wet mount vs. dried or fixed
-magnification of observation
-computer systems require training samples

40
Q

what are in scheme A of morphology classifications

A

primary: head abnormalities
secondary: tail abnormalities

41
Q

what are in the scheme B of morphology classifications

A

Primary: head
secondary: tail
Tertiary: cytoplasmic droplets

42
Q

what type of defects are the most concerning

A

proximal are the most concerning

43
Q

what are the percent normal ranges for species

A

bull: 95
ram:95
boar: 90
stallion: 40-90
man: 30-70

Physiology of Reproduction (22 decks)

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