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7th LAM 2 Meleah > T2L1: Antibiotics in Food Animals > Flashcards

T2L1: Antibiotics in Food Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What does bactericidal mean versus bacteriostatic

A

Bactericidal kills the bacteria and bacteriostatic STALLS/inhibits the growth of the bacteria

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2
Q

What is the most regulated antibiotic?

A

fluoroquinolone

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3
Q

What do we use for respiratory disease, foot rot, D+, and with a balling gun in calves

A

Sustain

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4
Q

What us a good coccidiostat and used in deer milk for bottles raised babies?

A

Sulfadimethoxine

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5
Q

Was penicillin the first antibiotic?

A

No! Sulfonamides are

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6
Q

Are sulfonamides gram + gram - or broad spectrum

A

broad spectrum

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7
Q

What bacteria are resistant to sulfonamides?

A

Pseudomonas Bacteroides Enterococcus

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8
Q

Is sulfonamides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

BacterioStatic, but potentiated sulfas are bactericidal

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9
Q

what is the action of sulfonamides?

A

mimic the PABA precursor at the beginning of the THFA(tetrahydrofolic acid) pathway, blocking production of the active form of folic acid

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10
Q

Are sulfonamides time dependent or concentration dependent?

A

time dependent

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11
Q

Potentiated sulfas (__________) inhibit _____ _____, preventing production of _____

A

Potentiated sulfas (Trimethoprim**) inhibit **dihydrofolate reductase** preventing production of **THFA

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12
Q

How do potentiated sulfas have bacteriocidal activity?

A

Blocking paba and dihydrofolate reductase

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13
Q

Where are some areas sulfonamides act on

A

widely distributed to the joints via synovial fluid, CNS, prostate, urine which is why these are often used for UTI’s

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14
Q

Can we use sulfonamides for systemic mastitis?

A

NO! weak acidi, and low non therapeutic concentrations in the milk

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15
Q

Adult dairy cows can only use this sulfonamide?

A

sulfadimethoxine

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16
Q

What meat from which animals have the highest violations for sulfonamides?

A

Pork highest then veal

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17
Q

Potentiated sulfas are used off label in _____ and _____

A

calves and pigs

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18
Q

Penicillin is what classification of antibiotic?

A

Beta Lactam

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19
Q

Beta lactams include _____ and _____

A

penicillins and cephalosporins

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20
Q

Beta lactams are either bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal and either time dependent or concentration dependent?

A

time dependent

bacterioCidal

(a B c d) lol stupid way to remember B is next to c in the alphabet

(time dep. you BETA be on TIME)

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21
Q

What is the action of Beta lactams

A

Bind to penicillin binding proteins (PBP)

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22
Q

Compare and contrast what penicillin binding proteins (PBP 1) causes versus (PBP 2 and 3)

A

PBP 1- cell lysis

PBP 2 and 3- cause misshapen cell walls leaing to rupture

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23
Q

Out of the 2 beta lactams which antibiotic needs more time than the other. also do gram positive or gram negative require more exposure?

A

Cephalosporins need more time than penicillins, gram - require more exposure because they are negative little bitches

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24
Q

Beta lactams can have resistance to them working by this method

A

by way of beta lactamase production or altering the PBP to prevent binding

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25
Q

__________ are usually unaffected by the betalactams and are better at penetrating the _____, what is a real world example of this antibiotic?

A

3rd generation cephalosporin (Excede a ceftiofur for swine)

better at peentrating the CNS

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26
Q

Compare and contrast what bacteria natural penicilins are working for, aminopenicillins, and cephalosporins?

A
  • Natural Penicilins:
    • ​gram +, anaerobes, select gram - (listeria), and spirochetes
  • Aminopenicillins
    • gram -, more strains of E. coli and Salmonella
  • Cephalosporins
    • more gram - (similar spectrum to penicillin)
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27
Q

Beta lactams have poor ______ activity

A

intracellular

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28
Q

LA-200 and Hexasol are what type f antibiotic

A

oxytetracycline/tetracycline

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29
Q

Tetracyclines are NOT good for ______ disease byt good for early stages of _____ ___, footrot, and extremely well with _______

A

Tetracyclines are NOT good for respiratory disease byt good for early stages of pink eye**, footrot, and extremely well with **anaplasma

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30
Q

Classify tetracycline as bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal, gram +/-/broad?

A

Broad spectrum, bacterioStatic

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31
Q

What is the mechanism for tetracycline?

A

binds to Thirty (30s) ribosome (thirty starts with T) and has a minimal affinity for mammalian ribosomes. prevents protein synthesis

32
Q

Tetracycline has poor _____ absorption except ______

A

oral; doxycycline

33
Q

True or False Tetracycline are lipophobic are have a wide distribution to most tissues

A

FALSE: lipophillic

34
Q

tetracycline accumulates ______ and even in ______ and is eliminated 60% through _______ and 40% through ______

A

intracellularly; leukocytes; 60% glomerular filtration; 40% feces

35
Q

What are 2 types of aminoglycosides?

A
  • Neomycin
  • Gentamycin
36
Q

Are aminoglycocides bacteriorstatic or bacteriocidal and are they concentration dependent or time dependent?

A

aMEANOLEglycocide are so mean! they kill the bacteria so they are bacteriocidal.

bacteriCidal dependent / Concentration dependent

37
Q

What bacteria do aminoglycosides work best for

A

primarily aerobic, gram -

38
Q

Are aminoglycosides water soluble or lipid soluble?

A

Highly water soluble, poorly lipid soluble

39
Q

What is the mechanism for aminoglycosides?

A

irreversibly bind to the 30s ribosome

40
Q

What kinds of toxicity are you worried about with aminoglycosides

A

nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

also a reason for the residue concerns (kidney)

41
Q

Aminoglycosides are chemically attracted to _____

A

phospholipids

42
Q

Why do we often get pehrotoxicity and ototoxicity with aminoglycosides? which AB in particular

A

these tissues have more phosphatidylinositol in their membranes than ther body tissues, gentamicin espeically

43
Q

Aminoglycosides accumulate in ______ and ______

A

lysosomes and mitochondria

44
Q

Practioners are strongly urged to refrain from using ______ in food animals except neonatal pigs.

A

aminogycosides

45
Q

Which antibiotic is a zero tolerance drug?

A

aminoglycosides

46
Q

_______ is not labeled for cattle (withdraw time)

A

Gentamicin

in cattle the withdraw time is 18 months FOR MEAT and 5 days for milk. 1 day meat withdraw for topical use

47
Q

What is the difference in milk withdraw for aminoglycosides for cattle versus goats/sheep?

A

5 day withdraw for milk in cattle and 10 days for goat and sheep

48
Q

How long do aminoglycosides take to withdraw from piglets 1-3 day old

49
Q

Which ab is not approved for preruminating calves or lactating cattle

A

neomycin which is a aminoglycocide

50
Q

State whether florfenicol AB are bacteriostatic/cidal; time/conc. dependent/ broad spectrum or gram + or -

A
  • Bacteriostatic
  • Time dependent
  • Broad gram - spectrum especially BRD pathogens, some gram +
51
Q

What do we use florfenicol for

A
  • Bovine resp. dz
  • Keratoconjunctivitis
  • Bovine interdigital plegmon
52
Q

What is the mechanism for florfenicol

A

inhibits protein synthesis and blocks peptidyltransferase activity at the 50s ribosomal subunit

fifty=50=florfenicol

53
Q

Where does florfenicol CONCENTRATE IN

A

the tear film

54
Q

Florfenicol achieves concentration in the ____ above the MIC for _____ for 20 hours

A

CNS; H. somni

55
Q

What is florfenicol reall good for

A

good penetration into a DISEASED LUNG

56
Q

Florfenicol eliminated via the _____ and has a high ____ ____

A

kidneys; urine conc.

57
Q

In beef cows florfenicol have a high level in the _____

58
Q

Erythromycin is the parent compound of this class of ab?

A

Erythromycin

59
Q

What is the newest development of macrolides and what do they have activity against

A

azalides; activity against mycoplasma

  • Azithromycin
  • Tulathromycin
  • Gamithromycin
  • Tildipirosin
60
Q

what is the mechanism for macrolides? is it time or concentration dependent or bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic

A

inhibits protein synthesis y binding the 50s ribosomal subunit; time dependent and bacteriostatic

61
Q

Where do macrolides concentrate

A

in cells that are more acidic than plasma

62
Q

macrolides accumulates in _____ of ______

A

lysosomes of leukocytes

63
Q

Lincosamides are used in _______

64
Q

Lincosamides should be avoided in _____ and _____ fermenters; _______ overgrowth

A

avoided in foregut and hindgut fermenters; clostridial overgrowth

65
Q

Lincosamides MOA?

A

inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50s ribosome

66
Q

Lincosamides are used for? what is a common adverse effect

A

mycoplasma pneumonias; infectious arthritis caused by strep, erysipelothrix, or mycoplasma

Adverse: swelling of the anus

67
Q

Baytril is _____

A

enrofloxacin

68
Q

Baytril is ________ and is classified as a ______

A

enrofloxacin; classified as a fluroquinolones

69
Q

What are the 2 fluoroquinolones approved for cattle

A

enrofloxacin and danofloxacin

70
Q

_____ is the fluoroquinilone approved in swine

A

Enrofloxacin

71
Q

Fluoroquinolones are bactericidal or bacteristatic/ time or conc. dependent?

A

Bactericidal (kill bacteria whether tey are replicating or not); Concentration dependent

72
Q

What is the mechanism of action for fluroquinolone?

A

Inhibit bacterial DNA replication and transcription by binding the A subunit of DNA gyrase

73
Q

What are the bacteria of concern for fluroquinolones

A

Campylobacter and salmonella typhimurium type DT-104

74
Q

What disease is fluoroquinolones mainly used for

A

respiratory disease only!

7th LAM 2 Meleah (20 decks)

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