T2 L5-6-7: Food Animal Urology (all of urology I, II, and III) Flashcards
1
Q
Often when we do a urinalysis in large animal we are looking for _____ and _____ _____
A
ketones and nutritional balance
2
Q
In the urethral area in males they often get ______ and _____ _____ that often cause obvious ENLARGEments
A
hematomas and ruptured urethra
3
Q
Ruptured urethra often causes _____ _____ in males
A
water belly
4
Q
We do vaginal exams using a ______ to examine the _____ _____ in cows, ewe, doe, sow/gilts
A
speculum; urethral orifice
5
Q
When we do a cystoscopy we use a ____ ____ ____ to examine the inside of the bladder. We need to perform an _____, empty the urine, and this last thing?
A
fiber optic endoscope; epidural, inject 500 cc of air
6
Q
Radiography for urinary problems is most useful in these animals
A
small and young ruminants
7
Q
Cows usually urinate right after _____. Arched back, raised tail, and straddled legs. Bulls do the same except don’t straddle legs they don’t need to! penis is ventral
A
standing
8
Q
_____ ____ may indicate problems with micturition
A
abnormal posture
9
Q
How can ewes be made to pee?
Can we place a catheter in bulls/steers?
A
hold off nose
too difficult
10
Q
What happens when you used Lasix IV to stimulate urine collection
A
lowers the SG
11
Q
Normal frequency and quantity of urination varies with water consumption, _____, milk production, ____ and use
A
season; age
12
Q
Which kidney can you palpate rectally
A
the left kidney
13
Q
What is the difference between the kidney in the bovine versus the (sheep,goats, and pigs)
A
bovine-lobulated
(sheep,goats, and pigs)-smooth
14
Q
compare and contrast the kidneys
A
LEFT KIDNEY- 3rd - 5th lumbar vertebra, its MOBILE, usually on the right side surprisingly, CAN PALPATE RECTALLY
RIGHT KIDNEY- 12th thoracic-3rd lumbar vertebra, right side, NOT MOBILE, NOT PALPABLE PER RECTUM
15
Q
What usually is the size of straws when rectally palpating cattle
A
URETERS
16
Q
How do you palpate the bladder in cattle versus small ruminants/calves
A
Rectally-cattle
ABDOM. palpation in small ruminants / calves
17
Q
What is the normal viscosity of urine
A
watery
18
Q
What is the normal color of urine
A
straw to amber colored
no hemoglobin, myoglobin, and blood
19
Q
If urine is turbid or cloudy instead in transparent what does this indicate?
A
UTI
20
Q
Odorous urine could indicate the presence of _____
GLUCOSE can be affected by what 5 things
A
ketones
Glucose: stress, IV glucose, steroids, xylazine, enterotoxemia
21
Q
What is the normal USG and the the low possible in dairy cows?
Also how do we assess concentrating ability? or
pH in cows? 2 syndromes too
A
1.020-1.040 and as low as 1.007 in dairy cows access concentrating ability through water deprivation test
pH 7-8 but will be aciduria with ketones/lactic acidosis
22
Q
**the presence of __________= normal urine
A
Anaplasmosis
23
Q
Leptospirosis, copper toxicity, cold water intoxication indicate what type of urine _________-Uria
also seen post parturiently
A
Hemoglobinuria
24
Q
_____-uria
Cassia toxicity, capture myopathy often in deer
A
Myoglobinuria
think myocassia release from chi
25
_____-uria
Pyelonephritis, cystitis, urolithiasis, enzootic, embolic nephritis
Hematuria
26
What are the normal parameters of BUN and creatinine
BUN 10-30 mg/dl
Creatinine <2 mg/ dl
27
Does Bun or Creatinine increase faster and why?
Creatinine increases more quickly than BUN due to ruminants ability to recycle urea through the rumen
28
True or False:
Always start with a renal bx when urinary problems arise
FALSE, can be helpful for dx but after ALL TESTS HAVE BEEN EXHAUSTED
rarely done french has only done 1 her whole career
29
What type of urinary problem is common in small ruminant practice that is debilitating and life threatening if not recognized and treated early
Obstructive Urolithiasis
30
Which animals commonly get Obstructive Urolithiasis and why is it caused
Disease of males especially castrated males from decreased diameter of urethra and preputial attachment still intact
why you should let them grow with age!!! Don't castrate too young
31
Which calculi is often due due to high concentration diets
Struvite or Calcium Phosphate
32
Besides high concentration diets what other types can cause struvite and or calcium phosphate obstruction
Diets high in calcium, magnesium, and or phosphorous
low CA/P ratio
pelleted rations
Vit. A deficiency
33
Legumes cause this form of calculi?
Calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate
34
What types of oxalate cause Calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate calculi
apples
sweet potatoes
dock
pigweed
35
What are the biggest predisposing factors for Obstructive Urolithiasis
- Increased urine concentration
- Urine stasis
above were the 2 biggest: these also can predispose- increased urine pH (Alkaline URINE), increased mineral excretion, decreased urinary colloids, desquamated epithelial cells, UT infections, increased urinary mucoproteins
36
Most calculi form more readily in ______ urine
What types of animals?
What type of diet predisposes?
Infection type that leaves you susceptible?
alkaline urine!!
herbivores
high protein diet
UTI
37
_____ may be the single most important factor in causes of Obstructive urolithiasis
WATER!!!
| dirty, cold
38
Leading cause of OU:
Bulls have this in the penile anatomy that leaves a long convoluted urethra. What about small ruminants?
distal sigmoid flexure-bull (leading cause in males)
urethral process-small ruminants
(stated 3 times in the slides will probably be asked)
39
Early ______ and exogenous ______ containing growth promoting implants predispose to Obstructive urolithiasis
castration; estrogens
40
What are some common sites within the urethral process for obstruction: (2)
Urethral process
- vermiform appendage
- urethral process
- pizzle
41
What is the calculus composition of struvite?
Magnesium ammonium phosphate
mapS
42
What is the calculus composition of Calcium phosphate?
apatite
cpA license
43
Phosphate calculi look like this
little flat sided pebbles!
44
What do calcium carbonate calculi look like?
Beautiful!!! little gold pearls
45
What are 3 syndromes that can cause OU?
Urethral Obstruction (partial or complete)
Urethral rupture
Bladder rupture
46
These 4 things can cause prolonged partial obstruction
1. Hydroureter
2. Hydronephrosis
3. Bladder wall damage
4. Urethral strictures
HHUB
47
What do goats especially do when they have OU?
vocalize!
48
Clinical findings of OU?
```
Stanguria
Urethral pulsations without urination
Anorexia mild bloat lethargy
Treading, stretching, kicking at abdomen
Tail switching
vocalization (esp goats)
Palpable bladder distension (abd in small rum and rectally in large rum.)
AZOTEMIA
INCREASED HR AND RR
```
49
METABOLIC findings of OU?
HYPERKALEMIA
| increased potassium
50
Clinical pathology findings of OU?
May be normal if early
Increased Creatinine and K
Decreased Sodium and Chloride
Bun normal until late (urea recycling in the rumen)
creatinine of abdominal or SQ fluid 1.5-2x serum values
51
With a ruptured urethra and a ruptured bladder what do you see
Ruptured urethra: accumulation of SQ urine ventrally and preputial edema, signs of uremia, chronic cases skin and SQ tissues begin to slough, preputial adhesions
Ruptured Bladder: uroperitoneum, signs of pain subsiding (THE DEADLY STORM), gradual abd. distension, depression and anorexia, signs of uremia, CLEAR FLUID ON ABD TAP, LARGE AMOUNTS OF ABD FLUI WITH U/S
URETHRAL RUPTURE VERSUS BLADDER
SQ urine accumulation necrosis and skin sloughing off if not drained versus uroperitonium may not cause much damage to peritoneal cavity.
52
How do you relieve in terms of drainage ruptured urethra versus ruptured bladder?
Ruptured urethra: paramedian skin incisions to drain urine
Ruptured bladder: slow drainage of uroperitoneum via trochar
53
Why when treating OU do we use phenothiazine tranquilizers and urinary acidifiers?
Phenothiazine tranquilizers to relax them
Urinary acidifiers to decrease formations of stones (they grow better in alkaline so acidify the env!)
54
What can we do for IV fluids for OU?
also use _____
0.9% NaCl
also use ab
55
If patients with OU have hyperkalemia what can we give them
add dextrose to fluids (1-2%)
may need added calcium
56
What are essential when treating OU?
anti-inflammatory drugs
banamine and meloxicam
57
Most common location for calculi to lodge in small ruminants,
urethral process
reoccurrence likely even after amputation
58
What can you do to Urethral Obstruction before swelling is advanced
antispasmodics acepromazine
59
Why is is difficult to catheterize the bladder
die to the suburethral diverticulum
60
What do you use for urinary bladder lavage?
walpols solution (glacial acetic acid)
buffer soln used for the TX if struvite uroliths in cats
61
______ formation may occur in weeks to months following urethrostomy
Stricture
62
True or False: animals for slaughter with urethral obstruction its recommended that tube cystotomy and bladder marsupialization
False
for slaughter: urethrostomy
Penile amputation
Urethrotomy
63
For breeding animals and pets what do we do for urethral obstruction?
TUBE CYSTOSTOMY- diverts urine while allowing urethral swelling to subside, sones can pass,
Bladder marsupialization
64
For tube cystotomy you must leave the tube in until urine noted from prepuce, must be left in for at least ____ days
10
65
TUBE CYSTOTOMY is useful in ______ _____ and _____
small ruminants; calves
allows removal of calculi from bladder and ante- and retrograde flushing of the urethra
66
This method of resolving Urethral obstruction provides long term resolution of urinary obstruction in small ruminants not intended for slaughter
Urinary Bladder marsupialization (cystostomy)
67
Treatment of urethral rupture
urethrostomy or penile amputation (maybe tube cystostomy)
68
Treatment of ruptured bladder
tube cystostomy for breeding animals and pets
urethrostomy with catheterization may allow bladder to heal (remove urine from abdomen with drain)
69
What is the salvage procedure, this low approach is preferred to prevent urine scald and post opp stricture formation is common
Perineal urethrostomy
70
How do we truly prevent urolithaisis?
Delay castration
tell owners to get females as pets (WTF....)
increase water intake 4-5% salt in total ration, clean water, warm water in winter
avoid grain supplements in pets <25% of ration and avoid legume hay, avoid excessive protein, CA:P ration 1.5-2:1
71
What is a urinary acidifier you can use to prevent uroliths since they love alkaline urine
Ammonium chloride
72
What other animals besides small and large ruminants like the sheep/goat/cow can these uroliths form in?
Llamas and potbelly pigs
73
FOR UTIs, primarily ascending infections result from?
stagnation of urine flow from dehydration
downer cows (hydrops)
74
Pyelonephritis results from these 2 things
opportunistic env pathogens (E.coli)
infectious pathogens like corynebacterium renale
75
What are a good initial choice in terms of antibiotics for UTI/pyelonephritis?
Penicillin and Beta lactams (4+ weeks)
76
When I say contagious bovine pyelonephritis what pathogen comes to mind
Corynebacterium renale
77
What clinical signs do we see with contagious bovine pyelonephritis
Hematuria, incr freq, pyuria,
thickened bladder wall, enlarged ureters, painful kidney
78
What is the treatment of contagious bovine pyelonephritis
High doses of Penicillin for at least 2 weeks
nephrectomy if only one kidney involved
prognosis is poor
79
What is significant about angora sheep and merinos and what does is cause?
due to hair at preputial orifice they are susceptible to Ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis
C. renale hydrolyzes urea to form ammonia in urine of animals on high protein diet which excreting high levels of urea
ammonia irritates the skin causing ulceration, swelling of preputial cavity may cause stenosis and phimosis and females may have a distorted vulvar commisure
80
What is the treatment for ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis
Debride and emollient antibacterial ointment, dry env, penicillin=petercillin, reduce protein in the diet
81
What is petercillin
used to treat ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis and contains lanolin, scarlet oil, oxytetracycline,
warm the tub of lanolin to liquify add 1 ml of LA 200 and shake well add scarlet oil and mix well 6 mont expiration date
4 oz jar
82
This disease is an acute disease of bulls and sterrs involving necrosis of prepuce. the disease is called _____ _____ and usually found in bulls/steers housed in ___ ____ pens and caused by this agent ______ _____
Necrotic Posthitis
wet feedlot pens
Fusobacterium necrophorum (think fucking nasty)
83
How is Necrotic Posthitis treated?
Debride and emollient antibacterial ointment, dry env, penicillin=petercillin (same as ulceraitive posthitis and vulvitis)
good prognosis if early stricture if later in disease
84
Thin sow syndrome is caused by _____ _____ and cystitis and pyelonephritis.
Transmission is from a ____ and treatment is _____
Corynebacterium suis
transmission from a boar
penicillin
85
_____ is a multisystemic dz where prg. are shed in urine and infect MM, chronic disease causes _____ ____ ____
Leptospirosis
Diffuse interstitial nephritis (in chronic dz ever after clearance of inf. nephritis often persists)
86
Lepto slide:
_____ and _____ causes severe hemolytic disease, interstitial nephritis, and tubular necrosis in calves
Pomona and grippotyphosa
87
What is the most widely used serological test for Lepto
MAT: microscopic agglutination test
vaccine titers complicate results, and to culture of urine on second midstream catch after furosimide
88
Treatment of Lepto
Tetracyclines and penicillins
maybe long term oxytetracycline to prevent spread
le(PT)o
89
Does vaccine prevention yield effectiveness for lepto? what else can help
yes!
remove access to standing water and minimize exposure to rodents and wildlife (potential Zoonoses)
90
What is the condition where bacteria lodge in small vessels creating infarcts in the kidney secondary to bacteremia or septicemia
Embolic Nephritis
91
When do we see CS of Embolic Nephritis and what is the treatment?
No CS until lesions are large enough to impair renal function (may be incidental finding on necropsy)
TX primary dz with antibiotics
92
What are the nephrotoxic metals and antimicrobials
Metals (Zoo LAM chop)
Zinc-lead-arsenic-mercury-copper
Antimicrobials (Never Adm. TIS)
NSAIDS-aMEANoleGlycoside (mean to the kidney)
tetracyclines-ionophores-sulfonamides
93
Nephrotoxic plants
LeAthal X-Q
Lilium-easter lilly
Amaranthus retroflexus (Pigweed)
Xanthium (Cocklebur)
Quercus (Oak)
94
Nephrotoxic misc.
DEC-M (deck em)
D- vitamin d overdose
E- eythlene glycol
C- vitamin C overdose (oxalates)
M- mycotoxin ochratoxin
95
Pigweed scientific name
CS-
Toxic principle-
Death due to-
Tx-
Amaranthus retroflexus
CS- perirenal edema/kidney pathology
Toxic principle- unknown
Death due to- hyperkalemia (incr potassium)
Tx-none specific
96
What does bracken fern cause?
Bovine enzootic hematuria
causes chronic ingestion causes intermittent hematuria and promotes BLADDER NEOPLASIA (TCC) and marked hematuria and anemia
97
What do you often see with U/S with bracken fern toxicosis, tx?
thickened bladder wall felt rectally and then IS you see that with out without intramural masses protruding into lumen
no treatment remove from source
98
Oak scientific name
Quercus
99
What parts of the oak plant are toxic
both oak buds and acorns
100
What is the toxic principle of oak
tannin or gallotanin
101
What kinds of toxicity does oak cause in the body (2)
hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic causing precipitation of proteins (gastroenteritis, hemorrhages, edema, renal lesions)
102
This renal pathology is the sequella of a chronic SUPPURATIVE problem and theres no treatment with this chronic antigenic stimulation.
Renal amyloidosis
| lose function of organs with amyloid depos.
103
Renal amyloidosis resembles _____ disease bc of these CS
Johne's disease
hypoproteinemia, proteinuria, edema, D+
104
What common congential effect occurs often after c sections and what is it asc with?
Patent urachus, often asc. with infected umbilical remnants
105
What usually develps at the proximal end of the urachus and develops with the first 2 weeks of life and how do we TX/what are the pathogen causes
Urachal abscess
surgical resection
A. pyogenes, E. Coli, streptococcus, Staphylococcus
106
Polycystic kidney disease is usually ______(uni/bilateral) but what happens prognostically if it is the opposite
Usually Unilateral
other kidney compensates masking clinical signs why its often found on necropsy kidney is enlarged with a few large cysts
if bilateral calves are usually stillborn or die shortly after birth
107
This syndrome often causes neonates to usually have cardiac and or musculoskeletal defects due to exposure of excess _______. Locations for deposits are?
Renal Oxalosis
excess oxalate''deposits in fetal glomeruli, tublues, and collecting ducts
108
Urachal vestiges are caused by __/__ _____ and signs include ____, _____, and stanguria
infected/persistent urachus
dysuria (pain), pollakieuria
109
What lis the common neoplasias for the areas
External genitalia
_____
_____
Kidney
______
_____
_____
Bladder
______
External genitalia
- fibropapilloma
- SCC
Kidney
- LSA
- Adenoma
- Nephroblastoma
Bladder
-TCC
