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7th LAM 2 Meleah > T2 L5-6-7: Food Animal Urology (all of urology I, II, and III) > Flashcards

T2 L5-6-7: Food Animal Urology (all of urology I, II, and III) Flashcards

1
Q

Often when we do a urinalysis in large animal we are looking for _____ and _____ _____

A

ketones and nutritional balance

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2
Q

In the urethral area in males they often get ______ and _____ _____ that often cause obvious ENLARGEments

A

hematomas and ruptured urethra

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3
Q

Ruptured urethra often causes _____ _____ in males

A

water belly

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4
Q

We do vaginal exams using a ______ to examine the _____ _____ in cows, ewe, doe, sow/gilts

A

speculum; urethral orifice

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5
Q

When we do a cystoscopy we use a ____ ____ ____ to examine the inside of the bladder. We need to perform an _____, empty the urine, and this last thing?

A

fiber optic endoscope; epidural, inject 500 cc of air

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6
Q

Radiography for urinary problems is most useful in these animals

A

small and young ruminants

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7
Q

Cows usually urinate right after _____. Arched back, raised tail, and straddled legs. Bulls do the same except don’t straddle legs they don’t need to! penis is ventral

A

standing

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8
Q

_____ ____ may indicate problems with micturition

A

abnormal posture

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9
Q

How can ewes be made to pee?

Can we place a catheter in bulls/steers?

A

hold off nose

too difficult

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10
Q

What happens when you used Lasix IV to stimulate urine collection

A

lowers the SG

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11
Q

Normal frequency and quantity of urination varies with water consumption, _____, milk production, ____ and use

A

season; age

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12
Q

Which kidney can you palpate rectally

A

the left kidney

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13
Q

What is the difference between the kidney in the bovine versus the (sheep,goats, and pigs)

A

bovine-lobulated

(sheep,goats, and pigs)-smooth

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14
Q

compare and contrast the kidneys

A

LEFT KIDNEY- 3rd - 5th lumbar vertebra, its MOBILE, usually on the right side surprisingly, CAN PALPATE RECTALLY

RIGHT KIDNEY- 12th thoracic-3rd lumbar vertebra, right side, NOT MOBILE, NOT PALPABLE PER RECTUM

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15
Q

What usually is the size of straws when rectally palpating cattle

A

URETERS

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16
Q

How do you palpate the bladder in cattle versus small ruminants/calves

A

Rectally-cattle

ABDOM. palpation in small ruminants / calves

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17
Q

What is the normal viscosity of urine

A

watery

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18
Q

What is the normal color of urine

A

straw to amber colored

no hemoglobin, myoglobin, and blood

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19
Q

If urine is turbid or cloudy instead in transparent what does this indicate?

A

UTI

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20
Q

Odorous urine could indicate the presence of _____

GLUCOSE can be affected by what 5 things

A

ketones

Glucose: stress, IV glucose, steroids, xylazine, enterotoxemia

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21
Q

What is the normal USG and the the low possible in dairy cows?

Also how do we assess concentrating ability? or

pH in cows? 2 syndromes too

A

1.020-1.040 and as low as 1.007 in dairy cows access concentrating ability through water deprivation test

pH 7-8 but will be aciduria with ketones/lactic acidosis

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22
Q

**the presence of __________= normal urine

A

Anaplasmosis

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23
Q

Leptospirosis, copper toxicity, cold water intoxication indicate what type of urine _________-Uria

also seen post parturiently

A

Hemoglobinuria

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24
Q

_____-uria

Cassia toxicity, capture myopathy often in deer

A

Myoglobinuria

think myocassia release from chi

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25
Q

_____-uria

Pyelonephritis, cystitis, urolithiasis, enzootic, embolic nephritis

A

Hematuria

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26
Q

What are the normal parameters of BUN and creatinine

A

BUN 10-30 mg/dl

Creatinine <2 mg/ dl

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27
Q

Does Bun or Creatinine increase faster and why?

A

Creatinine increases more quickly than BUN due to ruminants ability to recycle urea through the rumen

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28
Q

True or False:

Always start with a renal bx when urinary problems arise

A

FALSE, can be helpful for dx but after ALL TESTS HAVE BEEN EXHAUSTED

rarely done french has only done 1 her whole career

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29
Q

What type of urinary problem is common in small ruminant practice that is debilitating and life threatening if not recognized and treated early

A

Obstructive Urolithiasis

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30
Q

Which animals commonly get Obstructive Urolithiasis and why is it caused

A

Disease of males especially castrated males from decreased diameter of urethra and preputial attachment still intact

why you should let them grow with age!!! Don’t castrate too young

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31
Q

Which calculi is often due due to high concentration diets

A

Struvite or Calcium Phosphate

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32
Q

Besides high concentration diets what other types can cause struvite and or calcium phosphate obstruction

A

Diets high in calcium, magnesium, and or phosphorous

low CA/P ratio

pelleted rations

Vit. A deficiency

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33
Q

Legumes cause this form of calculi?

A

Calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate

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34
Q

What types of oxalate cause Calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate calculi

A

apples
sweet potatoes
dock
pigweed

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35
Q

What are the biggest predisposing factors for Obstructive Urolithiasis

A
  • Increased urine concentration
  • Urine stasis

above were the 2 biggest: these also can predispose- increased urine pH (Alkaline URINE), increased mineral excretion, decreased urinary colloids, desquamated epithelial cells, UT infections, increased urinary mucoproteins

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36
Q

Most calculi form more readily in ______ urine

What types of animals?
What type of diet predisposes?
Infection type that leaves you susceptible?

A

alkaline urine!!

herbivores
high protein diet
UTI

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37
Q

_____ may be the single most important factor in causes of Obstructive urolithiasis

A

WATER!!!

dirty, cold

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38
Q

Leading cause of OU:

Bulls have this in the penile anatomy that leaves a long convoluted urethra. What about small ruminants?

A

distal sigmoid flexure-bull (leading cause in males)

urethral process-small ruminants

(stated 3 times in the slides will probably be asked)

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39
Q

Early ______ and exogenous ______ containing growth promoting implants predispose to Obstructive urolithiasis

A

castration; estrogens

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40
Q

What are some common sites within the urethral process for obstruction: (2)

A

Urethral process

  • vermiform appendage
  • urethral process
  • pizzle
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41
Q

What is the calculus composition of struvite?

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate

mapS

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42
Q

What is the calculus composition of Calcium phosphate?

A

apatite

cpA license

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43
Q

Phosphate calculi look like this

A

little flat sided pebbles!

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44
Q

What do calcium carbonate calculi look like?

A

Beautiful!!! little gold pearls

45
Q

What are 3 syndromes that can cause OU?

A

Urethral Obstruction (partial or complete)
Urethral rupture
Bladder rupture

46
Q

These 4 things can cause prolonged partial obstruction

A
  1. Hydroureter
  2. Hydronephrosis
  3. Bladder wall damage
  4. Urethral strictures

HHUB

47
Q

What do goats especially do when they have OU?

A

vocalize!

48
Q

Clinical findings of OU?

A 
Stanguria
Urethral pulsations without urination
Anorexia mild bloat lethargy
Treading, stretching, kicking at abdomen
Tail switching
vocalization (esp goats)
Palpable bladder distension (abd in small rum and rectally in large rum.)
AZOTEMIA
INCREASED HR AND RR
49
Q

METABOLIC findings of OU?

A

HYPERKALEMIA

increased potassium

50
Q

Clinical pathology findings of OU?

A

May be normal if early

Increased Creatinine and K
Decreased Sodium and Chloride

Bun normal until late (urea recycling in the rumen)

creatinine of abdominal or SQ fluid 1.5-2x serum values

51
Q

With a ruptured urethra and a ruptured bladder what do you see

A

Ruptured urethra: accumulation of SQ urine ventrally and preputial edema, signs of uremia, chronic cases skin and SQ tissues begin to slough, preputial adhesions

Ruptured Bladder: uroperitoneum, signs of pain subsiding (THE DEADLY STORM), gradual abd. distension, depression and anorexia, signs of uremia, CLEAR FLUID ON ABD TAP, LARGE AMOUNTS OF ABD FLUI WITH U/S

URETHRAL RUPTURE VERSUS BLADDER
SQ urine accumulation necrosis and skin sloughing off if not drained versus uroperitonium may not cause much damage to peritoneal cavity.

52
Q

How do you relieve in terms of drainage ruptured urethra versus ruptured bladder?

A

Ruptured urethra: paramedian skin incisions to drain urine

Ruptured bladder: slow drainage of uroperitoneum via trochar

53
Q

Why when treating OU do we use phenothiazine tranquilizers and urinary acidifiers?

A

Phenothiazine tranquilizers to relax them

Urinary acidifiers to decrease formations of stones (they grow better in alkaline so acidify the env!)

54
Q

What can we do for IV fluids for OU?

also use _____

A

0.9% NaCl

also use ab

55
Q

If patients with OU have hyperkalemia what can we give them

A

add dextrose to fluids (1-2%)

may need added calcium

56
Q

What are essential when treating OU?

A

anti-inflammatory drugs

banamine and meloxicam

57
Q

Most common location for calculi to lodge in small ruminants,

A

urethral process

reoccurrence likely even after amputation

58
Q

What can you do to Urethral Obstruction before swelling is advanced

A

antispasmodics acepromazine

59
Q

Why is is difficult to catheterize the bladder

A

die to the suburethral diverticulum

60
Q

What do you use for urinary bladder lavage?

A

walpols solution (glacial acetic acid)

buffer soln used for the TX if struvite uroliths in cats

61
Q

______ formation may occur in weeks to months following urethrostomy

A

Stricture

62
Q

True or False: animals for slaughter with urethral obstruction its recommended that tube cystotomy and bladder marsupialization

A

False

for slaughter: urethrostomy
Penile amputation
Urethrotomy

63
Q

For breeding animals and pets what do we do for urethral obstruction?

A

TUBE CYSTOSTOMY- diverts urine while allowing urethral swelling to subside, sones can pass,

Bladder marsupialization

64
Q

For tube cystotomy you must leave the tube in until urine noted from prepuce, must be left in for at least ____ days

A

10

65
Q

TUBE CYSTOTOMY is useful in ______ _____ and _____

A

small ruminants; calves

allows removal of calculi from bladder and ante- and retrograde flushing of the urethra

66
Q

This method of resolving Urethral obstruction provides long term resolution of urinary obstruction in small ruminants not intended for slaughter

A

Urinary Bladder marsupialization (cystostomy)

67
Q

Treatment of urethral rupture

A

urethrostomy or penile amputation (maybe tube cystostomy)

68
Q

Treatment of ruptured bladder

A

tube cystostomy for breeding animals and pets

urethrostomy with catheterization may allow bladder to heal (remove urine from abdomen with drain)

69
Q

What is the salvage procedure, this low approach is preferred to prevent urine scald and post opp stricture formation is common

A

Perineal urethrostomy

70
Q

How do we truly prevent urolithaisis?

A

Delay castration

tell owners to get females as pets (WTF….)

increase water intake 4-5% salt in total ration, clean water, warm water in winter

avoid grain supplements in pets <25% of ration and avoid legume hay, avoid excessive protein, CA:P ration 1.5-2:1

71
Q

What is a urinary acidifier you can use to prevent uroliths since they love alkaline urine

A

Ammonium chloride

72
Q

What other animals besides small and large ruminants like the sheep/goat/cow can these uroliths form in?

A

Llamas and potbelly pigs

73
Q

FOR UTIs, primarily ascending infections result from?

A

stagnation of urine flow from dehydration

downer cows (hydrops)

74
Q

Pyelonephritis results from these 2 things

A

opportunistic env pathogens (E.coli)

infectious pathogens like corynebacterium renale

75
Q

What are a good initial choice in terms of antibiotics for UTI/pyelonephritis?

A

Penicillin and Beta lactams (4+ weeks)

76
Q

When I say contagious bovine pyelonephritis what pathogen comes to mind

A

Corynebacterium renale

77
Q

What clinical signs do we see with contagious bovine pyelonephritis

A

Hematuria, incr freq, pyuria,

thickened bladder wall, enlarged ureters, painful kidney

78
Q

What is the treatment of contagious bovine pyelonephritis

A

High doses of Penicillin for at least 2 weeks

nephrectomy if only one kidney involved

prognosis is poor

79
Q

What is significant about angora sheep and merinos and what does is cause?

A

due to hair at preputial orifice they are susceptible to Ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis

C. renale hydrolyzes urea to form ammonia in urine of animals on high protein diet which excreting high levels of urea

ammonia irritates the skin causing ulceration, swelling of preputial cavity may cause stenosis and phimosis and females may have a distorted vulvar commisure

80
Q

What is the treatment for ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis

A

Debride and emollient antibacterial ointment, dry env, penicillin=petercillin, reduce protein in the diet

81
Q

What is petercillin

A

used to treat ulcerative posthitis and vulvitis and contains lanolin, scarlet oil, oxytetracycline,

warm the tub of lanolin to liquify add 1 ml of LA 200 and shake well add scarlet oil and mix well 6 mont expiration date

4 oz jar

82
Q

This disease is an acute disease of bulls and sterrs involving necrosis of prepuce. the disease is called _____ _____ and usually found in bulls/steers housed in ___ ____ pens and caused by this agent ______ _____

A

Necrotic Posthitis

wet feedlot pens

Fusobacterium necrophorum (think fucking nasty)

83
Q

How is Necrotic Posthitis treated?

A

Debride and emollient antibacterial ointment, dry env, penicillin=petercillin (same as ulceraitive posthitis and vulvitis)

good prognosis if early stricture if later in disease

84
Q

Thin sow syndrome is caused by _____ _____ and cystitis and pyelonephritis.

Transmission is from a ____ and treatment is _____

A

Corynebacterium suis

transmission from a boar

penicillin

85
Q

_____ is a multisystemic dz where prg. are shed in urine and infect MM, chronic disease causes _____ ____ ____

A

Leptospirosis

Diffuse interstitial nephritis (in chronic dz ever after clearance of inf. nephritis often persists)

86
Q

Lepto slide:

_____ and _____ causes severe hemolytic disease, interstitial nephritis, and tubular necrosis in calves

A

Pomona and grippotyphosa

87
Q

What is the most widely used serological test for Lepto

A

MAT: microscopic agglutination test

vaccine titers complicate results, and to culture of urine on second midstream catch after furosimide

88
Q

Treatment of Lepto

A

Tetracyclines and penicillins

maybe long term oxytetracycline to prevent spread
le(PT)o

89
Q

Does vaccine prevention yield effectiveness for lepto? what else can help

A

yes!

remove access to standing water and minimize exposure to rodents and wildlife (potential Zoonoses)

90
Q

What is the condition where bacteria lodge in small vessels creating infarcts in the kidney secondary to bacteremia or septicemia

A

Embolic Nephritis

91
Q

When do we see CS of Embolic Nephritis and what is the treatment?

A

No CS until lesions are large enough to impair renal function (may be incidental finding on necropsy)

TX primary dz with antibiotics

92
Q

What are the nephrotoxic metals and antimicrobials

A

Metals (Zoo LAM chop)

Zinc-lead-arsenic-mercury-copper

Antimicrobials (Never Adm. TIS)

NSAIDS-aMEANoleGlycoside (mean to the kidney)
tetracyclines-ionophores-sulfonamides

93
Q

Nephrotoxic plants

A

LeAthal X-Q

Lilium-easter lilly
Amaranthus retroflexus (Pigweed)
Xanthium (Cocklebur)
Quercus (Oak)

94
Q

Nephrotoxic misc.

A

DEC-M (deck em)

D- vitamin d overdose
E- eythlene glycol
C- vitamin C overdose (oxalates)
M- mycotoxin ochratoxin

95
Q

Pigweed scientific name

CS-
Toxic principle-
Death due to-
Tx-

A

Amaranthus retroflexus

CS- perirenal edema/kidney pathology
Toxic principle- unknown
Death due to- hyperkalemia (incr potassium)
Tx-none specific

96
Q

What does bracken fern cause?

A

Bovine enzootic hematuria

causes chronic ingestion causes intermittent hematuria and promotes BLADDER NEOPLASIA (TCC) and marked hematuria and anemia

97
Q

What do you often see with U/S with bracken fern toxicosis, tx?

A

thickened bladder wall felt rectally and then IS you see that with out without intramural masses protruding into lumen

no treatment remove from source

98
Q

Oak scientific name

A

Quercus

99
Q

What parts of the oak plant are toxic

A

both oak buds and acorns

100
Q

What is the toxic principle of oak

A

tannin or gallotanin

101
Q

What kinds of toxicity does oak cause in the body (2)

A

hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic causing precipitation of proteins (gastroenteritis, hemorrhages, edema, renal lesions)

102
Q

This renal pathology is the sequella of a chronic SUPPURATIVE problem and theres no treatment with this chronic antigenic stimulation.

A

Renal amyloidosis

lose function of organs with amyloid depos.

103
Q

Renal amyloidosis resembles _____ disease bc of these CS

A

Johne’s disease

hypoproteinemia, proteinuria, edema, D+

104
Q

What common congential effect occurs often after c sections and what is it asc with?

A

Patent urachus, often asc. with infected umbilical remnants

105
Q

What usually develps at the proximal end of the urachus and develops with the first 2 weeks of life and how do we TX/what are the pathogen causes

A

Urachal abscess

surgical resection

A. pyogenes, E. Coli, streptococcus, Staphylococcus

106
Q

Polycystic kidney disease is usually ______(uni/bilateral) but what happens prognostically if it is the opposite

A

Usually Unilateral

other kidney compensates masking clinical signs why its often found on necropsy kidney is enlarged with a few large cysts

if bilateral calves are usually stillborn or die shortly after birth

107
Q

This syndrome often causes neonates to usually have cardiac and or musculoskeletal defects due to exposure of excess _______. Locations for deposits are?

A

Renal Oxalosis

excess oxalate’‘deposits in fetal glomeruli, tublues, and collecting ducts

108
Q

Urachal vestiges are caused by __/__ _____ and signs include ____, _____, and stanguria

A

infected/persistent urachus

dysuria (pain), pollakieuria

109
Q

What lis the common neoplasias for the areas

External genitalia
_____
_____

Kidney
______
_____
_____

Bladder
______

A

External genitalia

  • fibropapilloma
  • SCC

Kidney

  • LSA
  • Adenoma
  • Nephroblastoma

Bladder
-TCC

7th LAM 2 Meleah (20 decks)

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