Lecture 6: Suckling period conditions and diseases Flashcards
What region of the body are many neonatal piglet infections related to
digestive tract
Sows produce colostrum that has an _________ factor to enhance uptake of intact _______
anti-trypsin; immunoglobulins
The pH of the stomach is close to _____ and this makes young piglets extremely susceptible for ______ _____
neutral; enteral infections
Low gastric motility due to factors like _____ may predispose to _______
chilling; infection
What disease causes piglets 2-10 days of diarrhea, variable morbidity and low mortality
Clostridium difficile -associated enterotoxemia
What are the main clinical signs of Clostridium difficile -associated enterotoxemia
Mesocolonic edema and colon filled with creamy diarrhea
What are the microscopic types of colitis seen with Clostridium difficile -associated enterotoxemia?
multifocal suppurative and erosive colitis
How do we confirm the presence of Clostridium difficile -associated enterotoxemia definitively?
ELISA test on fresh feces
What treatment do you use for Clostridium difficile -associated enterotoxemia?
Virginiamycin in sows before and after farrowing; Tylosin in piglets
What is the main difference in terms of mortalitybetween C. perfringens type C and C. difficile (A/B toxins)
C. difficile infections have a lower mortality
What is the orange stained fecal D+ caused by and what is is a sign of?
C. difficile (A/B toxins) and is a sign of fecal blood loss
What type of clostridium causes mild suppurative enteritis with LARGE gram positive rods?
Clostridium perfringens type A
What age group of pigs are affected by Clostridium perfringens type A and describe the mortality rate?
Piglets 2-10 days of age with D+ and low mortality
The lesions of Clostridium perfringens type A are similar to what other bacteria?
colibacillosis
WHAT IS SIGNIFICANT that is WARRANTED when dealing with Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxemia
Isolation in the pig and genotyping of the enterotoxigenic (Beta 2 toxin)
How do we tx and control Clostridium perfringens type A?
Bacitracin in sows and piglets, Salinomycin Vaccination
Enteric colibacillosis is caused by this bacteria?
E. coli
E. coli causes problems for what age group of pigs?
Neonates one day old to pigs up to 2-4 weeks post weaning
What is significant about dams with E.coli?
They act as carriers!
What is E. Coli’s virulence factors?
fimbria(pilli), enterotoxins (exotoxins), endotoxins, and capsules
What are the associated risk factors with E.coli?
Continuous farrowing, accompanied by poor sanitation and chilling
Disease occurrence and severity of E.coli is related to what?
dose ingested and the level of immunity derived from colostrum immunity
Coliforms survive in _____ _____ and can infect successive liters of pigs
contaminated buildings
What are the common CS of E. coli?
body temp often subnormal, shivering is noted, water diarrhea, possibly vomiting
When you try to diagnose E. coli with a culture, the population is taken from what area?
small intestine
Contrast to culturing, how would we dx and identify enterotoxigenic E. coli enterotoxins and or pilli?
PCR
Fibrinous polyserositis is caused by what bacteria?
E.coli
How do we tx for E. coli?
antimicrobials-oral or parenteral: ampicillin, gentamycin, neomycin, furizolidone, potentiated Sulphur drugs
How do we control E.coli?
good sanitation, all in all out, sow vaccination against toxin and pilli TWICE before farrowing
Before farrowing, how many times should the sow be vaccinated against E.coli?
twice
Edema disease is caused by what?
colibacillosis (E.coli)
Describe the onset and mortality with edema disease in reference to age group often affected?
acute and often fatal enterotoxemia of RECENTLY WEANED pigs caused by E.coli
In addition to edema, what other site in the body is often affected and related to sudden death?
neuro signs related to lesions in the brain
Edema disease common clinical signs are:
Anorexia
A_____
Stupor and recumbency often accompanied by ______ and ________ movements
abnormal ______ when handled
Ataxia
paddling and running movements
abnormal squeal when handled
_______ is caused by Isospora suis usually occurs in confinement raised ___to ____ week old ______ piglets
Coccidiosis (1-3 weeks old) nursing piglets
What do you treat Coccidiosis with
Toltrazuril
What types of sows are the source of Coccidiosis infection
career sows
When are the oocytes ingested with Coccidiosis?
Oocyts ingested when piglets first nurse or when they ingest feed, water or feces
Describe the clinical signs and type of D+ seen with Coccidiosis
yellow to clear pasty to watery D+, dehydration, rough hair coat and failure to gain weight
Coccidiosis is like colibacillosis except…..
no response to antimicrobials
How do we control Coccidiosis?
Good sanitation and disinfection of farrowing pens. Stream cleaning
What do we often see microscopically with Coccidiosis?
schizont
What type of enteritis usually affects 1-6 week old piglets and is common about one week after weaning (usually non fatal) and you see D+, occasional V+ with variable enteritis and moderate villous atrophy
Rotaviral enteritis
How do we ID Rotaviral enteritis?
in feces of early cases by EM or ELISA or in small intestinal epithelium by FAT or IHC
What enteritis can affect all age groups if previously unexposed but especially severe one age group in particular? (state the enteritis type and age group most severely affected??)
Transmissible gastroenteritis
most severe in piglets < 4 weeks old
Transmissible gastroenteritis has 2 forms: what are they and compare and contrast in piglets, feeder pigs, and sows in terms of mortality and D+ type, or V+?
Acute form: <3 weeksV+ and high mortality in piglets
Bright yellow feces often seen in older piglets. Marked D+ in feeder age pigs. Acutely affected sows may V+ are depressed and refuse to nurse piglets
Endemic form: similar signs but MUCH LESS SEVERE and with reduced mortality
How do we DIAGNOSE Transmissible gastroenteritis ?
FAT or IHC on intestine of acutely affected pigs or PCR on feces from acutely affected pigs
What disease is characterized by septicemia, acute meningitis, polyarthritis, polyserositis or bronchopneumonia? Is it zoonotic or no?
Streptococcus suis (ZOONOTIC disease)
What serotype of Streptococcus suis is most prevalent?
Type 2 most virulent and most prevalent
Where does Streptococcus suis survive and where can it be isolated from in the pig?
Survives in dust and feces
Can be isolated from the nasal cavity and palatine tonsils of normal pigs
Present in feces and nasal secretions of carriers (sows normally)
How does Streptococcus suis transmission take place?
Through ingestion, inhalation, or nose to nose contact, wounds. FLIES AND RODENTS may play a role
What is the most important streptococcal infection in pigs and what age group is it usually seen in?
Streptococcus suis; nursing or recently weaned pigs
What are the clinical signs of Streptococcus suis in young piglets and older pigs?
- Septicemia and or localization of systemic infection
- Young piglets-CNS signs (lateral recumbency and paddling)
- Polyarthritis (swollen joints)
- Older pigs- ataxia, opisthotonus, incoordination, tremors, -convulsions, blindness and deafness
How do we control Streptococcus suis?
Elimination of stresses particularly overcrowding, poor ventilation, high humidity and inadequate sanitation (instruments too), vaccination of sows prior to farrowing
How do we tx Streptococcus suis ?
Injectable antibiotics (penicillin, ampicillin, tiamulin, ceftiofur,) water and in feed antibiotics in high morbidity situations
With Streptococcus suis, what is an important main reason for piglets to be culled? Is vaccination effective?
Arthritis and osteomyelitis; vaccination not effective bc too many strains involved
What happens when piglets are fighting for teats?
they may cause damage to each other resulting in scabby cheeks and may result in Streptococcal infections and may cause abscesses
What type of streptococcal disease causes opisthotonus and what do we use to confirm?
Streptococcal meningo-encephalitis, we use spinal fluid because even though it might not always be in there, its better to take a spinal tap than open the skull
Teeth clipping in piglets causes these 2 injuries?
alveolitis and cheek abscess
This syndrome usually occurs within 3 days of farrowing and is characterized by inadequate milk production?
Hypogalactia or Mastitis; Metritis, Agalactia (MMA)
What is the most consistent sign in MMA? What are the others
Hypogalactia is the most consistent sign?
Mastitis Fever Vaginal discharge Listlessness Weakness Anorexia sternal recumbency refusal by the dam to permit nursing piglets
What is cause of MMA?
unknown
How do we resolve the hypogalactia?
by ensuring proper sanitation, sows exercise, nutrition, and body condition
What are the risk factors associated with hypogalactia?
- lack of nursing stimulation (too few pigs or small/weak pigs)
- bacterial metritis
- Mastitis
- mammary edema from errors in ration formulation
- confinement with little opportunity for exercise
- poor feeding management
- constipation
- obesity
- moldy feeds
- Poor sanitation in the farrowing environment
Mastitis is most caused by ______ bacteria?
environmental
Piglets have their own teat from day ___ onwards and infection of their udder will lead to _____. What do they do after?
3; RUNTING
extreme efforts to stimulate the udder for milk may result in damage of front knees (causing a arthritis risk factor)
Regardless of the little amount of collateral vessels. Tail necrosis starts with _____ of the tail base followed by _____ due.
trauma; infection
Which teats are most susceptible to teat necrosis in young pigs and why does it often happen and how can we prevent it? What happens as a result of this
Mostly in front teats (with ribs underneath)
Happens because swelling of the teats by endogenous estrogen (produced by the sow and present in colostrum) or exogenous (Zearalenone) makes the skin vulnerable to trauma
Teats will be lost and these piglets cannot be selected to become a sow
Tapering the teats shortly after birth may prevent necrosis
What is the name of the dermatitis that is usually seen in 4 to 12 week old piglets and what is is caused by? How do we dx and what is the treatment
Pityriasis rosea; unknown cause; dx by gross examination and does not require treatment
Is Pityriasis rosea pruritic or effect the pigs, talk to me about recovery?
NOT pruritic, seems to have no apparent effect on the health or growth rate of affected pigs, nearly all affected pigs recover completely
What types of lesions do Pityriasis rosea characterized by?
1 to 20 cm raised, reddened, ring shaped lesions on the skin usually on ventral abdomen
What abnormality is neonatal pigs is characterized by lateral extension of the hind legs with inability to _____ the legs. Front legs variably affected
Splay leg; adduct
Where is the principle lesion in Splay leg?
myofibrillar hypoplasia related in part to delayed development and in part to degenerative change
What are the Risk factors associated with Splay leg?
genetic predisposition; slipper or sloped floors; porcine stress syndrome in the parents; dietary deficiencies; low birth weights; or tremorsin piglets
With splay leg, if affected piglets are helped to nurse and protected from accidental injury by the sow what is the recovery like? How do we increase the likelihood of survival?
Many will recover in 1 to 2 weeks; Tying the front legs or the back legs loosely together with sticky tape will increase the likelihood of survival (select breeding stock with tendency to produce offspring like that)
Inherited condition (in at least 4 breeds) characterized by the absence of discrete areas of skin, usually over a part of the back, loin, or thigh
Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta
Along with absence of discrete areas of skin usually over a part part of the back, loin, or thigh; lesions for Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta occasionally occur where?
anterior surface of the tongue
What other 2 conditions commonly accompany Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta?
Hydroureter and hydronephrosis
Name the inherited skin condition in pigs?
Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta
With Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta, fetuses with extensive lesions may be _____. Piglets born alive with extensive lesions usually die from ______ invasion AND ______. Minor defects may heal
With Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta, fetuses with extensive lesions may be ABORTED. Piglets born alive with extensive lesions usually die from BACTERIAL invasion AND SEPTICEMIA. Minor defects may heal
Umbilical bleeding is seldom a problem within a sow herd, When it occurs it often has a high prevalence, background is unknown but ____ _____ should be excluded
warfarin poisoning
Zoonotic skin infection found mostly if growing or adult swine chronic dz characterized by enlarged joint, lameness, and endocarditis
Erysipelas (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae)
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes what in humans?
It’s zoonotic! causes Erysipeloid skin infection in humans
Acute Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infections cause this instead of enlarged joint, lameness, and endocarditis seen in chronic cases?
Rhomboid diamond skin lesions
What is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae spread by?
Carriers transmit feces and oronasal secretions. Infected animals shed into water, feed, soil. Infection through ingestion and skin wounds
How do we TX Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
Penicillin or antiserum
How do we control Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
Regular vaccination
Good sanitation
elimination of carriers with skin and joint lesions
Appropriate quarantine measures for purchased stock
What are the CS of Erysipelas
- fever
- cyanotic skin (ESP AROUND EARS, SNOUT, THROAT, Ventral abdomen)
On a few animals there may be discrete, raised, and red to purple areas of skin (rhomboid and diamond shaped), swollen painful joints, abortion in sows, vulvular lesions may cause exercise intolerance
What is pathognomic for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
Diamond shaped erthematous spots on the skin
Greasy pig disease is caused by what bacteria and whats another name for the disease?
Staphylococcus hyicus; Exudative Epidermitis
What age group of pigs does Greasy pig disease affect?
usually in piglets less than 8 weeks old including nursery pigs.
What are the risk factors for Greasy pig disease?
Vesicular viral disease Nutritional deficiencies (zinc, vitamins) ringworm infection pityriasis rosea parasitism (including lice infestation) housing inadequacies immunologic inadequacy in young pigs (especially in litters of gilts) lack of competing bacterial flora on skin Poor hygiene Poor ventilation high humidity abrasions of the skin from trauma
What clinical signs do you see with Greasy pig disease?
Brownish spots 1-2 cm in diameter and covered by serum and exudate, appear on the skin of the FACE OR HEAD. No pruritis
How do you control Greasy pig disease in affected litters or individual pigs?
Isolated immediately, no mingling of pigs. Autogenous vaccine
How do you treat Greasy pig disease?
Anecdotal recommendations have included spraying the pigs several times with solutions such as 10% bleach, chlorhexidine, Virkon(Durvet) or dilute iodine
