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7th LAM 2 Meleah > Lecture 1: Ruminant Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Ruminant Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of the flow of grass/food in terms of the GI compartments in the cow?

A
  1. Rumen 2. Reticulum 3. Omasum 4. Abomasum
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2
Q

In the newborn calf (A): • Large ______ more important for milk digestion rather than fermentation

A

abomasum

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3
Q

In the 5-year-old cow (B): • The _____ is large and occupies the entire____ side of the abdomen. • The _____ is pushed cranially

A

-rumen; left -liver

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4
Q

In a 6-year-old heavily pregnant cow (C): • The uterus displaces the rumen _____ and the abomasum _____

A

rumen dorsally abomasum cranially

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5
Q

_____ _____ allows suckling calves to bypass to _____

A

Oesophageal groove; abomasum

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6
Q

When does the rumen become functional in calves?

A

once grain is introduced!

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7
Q

What organism is most responsible for digestion throughout the rumen?

A

bacteria

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8
Q

What do bacteria digest?

A

cellulose

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9
Q

True or False: Bacteria can be seen with a light or an electron microscope

A

False: only electron, not visible to naked eye

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10
Q

What microorganism controls bacterial population?

A

Protozoa

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11
Q

_____ aids bacteria with cellulose digestion

A

Fungi

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12
Q

Is there a small or large amount of fungi in the GI tract?

A

small

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13
Q

This is called a ______?

A

Papple

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14
Q

Upon rumenal ausculatation, these 3 things can be determined?

A

• Rate and strength of rumen contractions

• Rumen volume

• Nature of rumen contents

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15
Q

With reticuloruminal motility respectufully, the primary stage is called the _____ cycle and the secondary stage is called the ______ cycle

A
  • primary: mixing
  • secondary: eructation
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16
Q

The closure of this structure is associated with suckling milk

A

esophageal groove

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17
Q

________:

complete absence of reticuloruminal motility

A

Atony

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18
Q

_________:

reduction in frequency OR strength of primary contraction

A

hypomotility

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19
Q

the 3 causes of atony is?

  • Absence of…or increase in….?
  • Direct depression of…?
  • Failure of the….?
A
  • absence of excitatory inputs or increase in inhibitory inputs to the gastric centre of the hypothalamus
  • direct depression of the gastric centre
  • failure of the vagal (nerve lesion) or motor pathways (hypocalcemia
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20
Q

the 3 causes of hypomotility is?

  • Reduction in…?
  • Increase in …?
  • Weakness of the …?
A
  • reduction in excitatory drive to gastric center
  • increase in inhibitory inputs
  • weakness of the motor pathway (hypocalcemia/hypokalemic)
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21
Q

Strength of the primary mixing cycle is determined by observing _____ and ______ of sounds

A

observing movement and LOUDNESS of sounds

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22
Q

Frequency of ______ ______ indicates the overall health of the ruminant

A

primary contractions

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23
Q

In the secondary eructation cycle. Why would the cardia potentially remain shut?

A

• Cardia will remain firmly shut if foam or fluid in contact

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24
Q

When you auscultate is it easy to differentiate between primary and secondary cycles?

A

NO

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25
Q

Rumination allows further breakdown of food and addition of large quantities of _____ which acts a _____

A

saliva which acts as a buffer

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26
Q

When performing internal ruminal palpation the ______ aspect of the rumen should be assessed for _______ and ______

A

When performing internal ruminal palpation the caudal aspect of the rumen should be assessed for volume and consistency

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27
Q

Decreased amount of feces could be due to functional ________ or decreased feed intake

A

obstruction

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28
Q

Color of the feces is influenced by composition of diet but may also reflect _______ ______

A

undigested blood

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29
Q

Odorous feces could be due to abnormal _______

A

fermentation

30
Q

label the layers

A
  1. Gas cap (blue)
  2. Ruminated layer (Green)
  3. Light Liquid (Orange)
  4. Heavy Liquid (purple)
31
Q

Consistency of feces is associated with ______ status and ____ ____ of ingest

A

hydration; transit time

32
Q

In terms of degree of digestion, _____ _____ indicate rapid turnover; ____ plant particles prolonged rumen turnover; numerous corn kernels indicate _____ _____ consumption

A

In terms of degree of digestion, large fibers** indicate rapid turnover; **fine** plant particles prolonged rumen turnover; numerous corn kernels indicate **excessive grain consumption

33
Q

What are 2 ways to examine rumen fluid (also state the best most accurate way and why?)

A
  1. Ororuminal collection (affected by saliva contents and could contaminate)
  2. Rumenocentesis (BEST WAY) not affected by other aspects of priximal GI track or saliva
34
Q

WHy should rumen samples be evalated directly after collection?

A

To minimize cooling and air exposure on PROTOZOAL activity

35
Q

Transportation of ______fluid for long distance must be done in a special container called? (2 answers)

A

luminal; double jacket container

36
Q

Estimation of chloride and ammonia concentrations can be delayed up to _____ hours in room temp and up to ____ hours in the refrigerator.

A

Estimation of chloride and ammonia concentrations can be delayed up to 9 hours in room temp and up to 24 hours in the refrigerator.

37
Q

What kinds of chemical chrateristics can we assess from ruminal fluid?

  • PH
  • _______ digestion test
  • _______ digestion test
  • _______ reduction test
  • Rumen fluid ______
A
  • PH
  • Cellulose digestion test
  • Glucose digestion test
  • Nitrate reduction test
  • Rumen fluid chloride
38
Q

What type of characteristic is sedimentation activity test for ruminal fluid

A

physical characteristics

39
Q

What are the 2 colors that are normal for rumen fluid and what does it indicate they ate?

A
  • Olive to brownish green (HAY)
  • Yellowish brown color (grain or silage)
40
Q

What are the 2 colors that are abnormal for rumen fluid and what does it indicate they ate?

A
  • Black/green: ruminal stasis
  • milky gray / brown: lactic acidosis
41
Q

What does it mean when the ruminal sample is watery?

A

anorexia

42
Q

What does it mean when the rumeninal sample has excess froth

A

frothy float or vagus indigestion

43
Q

What does it mean when the ruminal fluid is slightly viscous

A

normal

44
Q

what does it mean when the ruminal sample smells acidic

A

lactic acidosis

45
Q

What does it mean when the rumeninal sample has a rotting odor

A

rumen putrefaction

46
Q

What does it mean when the rumeninal sample has an aromatic odor

A

normal

47
Q

Cattle patient comes in and you suspect a problem with their rumen, you want to perform a sedimentation activity test to evulaute the microfloral acitivity….after 4-8 minutes, theres no sedimentation or flotation….what does this likely indicate?

A

frothy bloat or vagus indigestion

48
Q

Cattle patient comes in and you suspect a problem with their rumen, you want to perform a sedimentation activity test to evulaute the microfloral acitivity….after 4-8 minutes,it very rapidly in less than 3 min demonstrated sedimentation or flotation….what does this likely indicate?

A

inactive micro flora or ruminal acidosis (Vagal indigestion) not frothy more sludge like

49
Q

In terms of feeding concentrate or TMR when is the best time after feeding these to analyze the rumen fluid?

A

Best measured 2-4 hours after feeding concentrate or 4-8 hours after offering a TMR

50
Q

What is the normal pH to be expected from grass fed cows (beef cows)?

A

6-7

51
Q

What is the normal pH to be expected from cows fed TMR (dairy cows)?

A

5.5-6

52
Q

Regardless of beef or dairy….if the rumen fluid has a pH lower than 5.5 what does this indicate?

A

lactic acidosis

53
Q

What CHEMICAL test would you use for ruminal flora and fauna if assessing for ANEROBIC FERMENTATION

A

Methylene blue reduction test

54
Q

What CHEMICAL test would you use for ruminal flora and fauna if assessing for digestion of fibers?

A

cellulose digestion test

55
Q

What CHEMICAL test would you use for ruminal flora and fauna if assessing for digestion of carbs?

A

glucose fermentation test

56
Q

If someone evaluated the rumen fluid by using a nitrate reduction test what can you conclude they were assessing for in terms of digestion of what?

A

digestion of protein

57
Q

Indication of anerobic ruminal bacteria when chemically evaluated means you would be using method of analysis?

A

Methylene blue reduction

58
Q
  • When you are performing the methylene blue reduction method of analysis how much rumen fluid do you add to the solution and state the percentage concentration of the solution?
  • What is normal and what is inadequate and if inadequate what do you need?
A
  • 10 ml fresh rumen fluid added to 0.5 ml of 0.03% solution-time taken to clear solution is measured
  • Normal: 2-6 minutes
  • Inadequate: > 10 minutes perform a transfaunation
59
Q

What is transfaunation?

A

rumen fluid from a healthy cow and transplant into a unhealthy rumen of another cow

60
Q

How many days does a cellulose digestion test take and is this for everyday cows or cows worth a lot of money?

A

FOR EXPENSIVE COWS, not every cow is worth all dat money girrrrl!

takes 48 hours and $$$$$

61
Q

For the glucose fermentation test is measures _____ the ability of ruminal flora to _____ glucose through measuring the _____ of formed _____

A

For the glucose fermentation test is measures indirectly the ability of ruminal flora to ferment glucose through measuring the volume of formed gas

62
Q

WHat does the glucose fermantation indicate if there is little or no gas formation?

A

inactive microflora

63
Q

What is the normal microflora in ml of gas production per hour with the glucose germentation test? How long till we read the results

A

1-2 ml of gas production per hour

read the results after 30-60 min

64
Q

What should the normal ph of a dairy cow be?

A

5.5-6

65
Q

What do you measure ruminal fluin in with the nitrate reduction test? What is the normal

A

measured in a supernatant of a centrifuged sample; normal is 30 mEq/l

66
Q

What 3 things are indicated if the nitrate reduction test indicates elevated levels?

A

Abomasal disease

Abomasal reflux

Obstruction of intestinal flow

67
Q

For analysis of protozoa in rumen fluid what test do I use and how much should I be looking for?

A

>40 protozoa/field (40x)

68
Q

Qualitative or quanitative is more commonly used to analyze rumen fluid

A

qualitative

69
Q

What is the best imaging modality to view the reticulum?

A

U/S

70
Q

Hardware disease is also referred to as?

A

Traumatic reticulopericarditis

71
Q

True or False: percussion and auscultation; abdominocentesisl and bloodwork can all be used in the clinical assessment of the abomasum?

A

True

72
Q
A

7th LAM 2 Meleah (20 decks)

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