Lecture 3: Reticuloruminal disorders 2 (NEED TO FINISH) Flashcards
Subacute ruminal acidosis results when the ph drops to < ____ and there’s a ______ in bacterial growth rates and a decrease in _____ activities of _____ microorg. There is an increase in ______ production.
Subacute ruminal acidosis results when the ph drops to < 5.8** and there’s a **decrease** in bacterial growth rates and a decrease in **enzymatic** activities of **fibrinolytic** microorg. There is an increase in **lactate production.
Acute ruminal acidosis is SEVERE and can result in DEATH. The pH drops to < ____, there’’s a decrease in ______, and an increase in _______ bacterias. There is a _____ in D(-) LACTATE
Acute ruminal acidosis is SEVERE and can result in DEATH. The pH drops to < 5.5**, there’’s a decrease in **S.BOVIS** , and an increase in_D-Lactobacillus (lactate producing)_ bacterias. There is a **increase in D-(d isomer) LACTATE
In a normal rumen, there is an _____ in rapidly fermentable carbs (starch+sugars), an _____ in VFAs and ______ growth rates, and a decrease in ____
In a normal rumen, there is an increase** in rapidly fermentable carbs (starch+sugars), an **increase** in VFAs and **bacterial** growth rates, and a decrease in **pH
Subacute rumen acidosis is also commonly called _____ for short?
SARA
What is rumen ph seen when SARA is present and what else changes with it?
< 5.6 (Or 5.5 for an extended period) and the associated changed with the VFA’s in the rumen
True or False not enough effective fiber can cause SARA
True
Proprionic acid surge caused by increase in lactic acid fermenters causes this? WHen do we see it in feedlot and dairy cows?
- Fat Cow Syndrome (SARA)
- feedlot in rounding off phase
- dairy cows; prolonged lactation
What conditions involving the liver and vena cave can cause SARA?
- Liver abscess
- Posterior Vena Cava Thrombosis
With SARA from Liver abscess, they are often described at poor doers and you will see a hypo-______, and recurrent _____, often (symptomatic or aymptopatic??) and regarded as (normal or abnormal at slaughter?)
What can liver abscess cause in reference to the timeline of death and subsequent pathology?
With SARA from Liver abscess, they are often described at poor doers and you will see a hypo-albuminemia**, and recurrent **epistaxis**, often (symptomatic or **aymptopatic**??) and regarded as (**normal or abnormal at slaughter?)
- Acute death
- pururlent embolic shower
How does ruminitis cause liver abscessed and what two bacteria are often involved? How do we treat and what is the prognosis?
- Rumenitis facilitate penetration of bacteria. T pyogenes and F necrophorum into portal system
- Prognosis=poor
- Treat: feed antibiotics as prophylacxis
With SARA’s involvement with laminitis; _____ acid kills gram ____ bacteria with ______ release. _____ causes ischemia of _____ which results in abnormal _____ formation, hemorrhage, and ____ ____ lesions
With SARA’s involvement with laminitis; lactic** acid kills gram **negative** bacteria with **endotoxin** release. **DIC** causes ischemia of **corium** which results in abnormal **horn** formation, hemorrhage, and **sole horn lesions
With SARA, acute death syndrome is caused by what? Also state another syndrome that condition causes
Clostridium perfringens enterocolitis also causes hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
True or False:
- Mycotic rumenitis/abomasitis/proctitis
- Mucor; Rhizopus; Absidia; Mortierella
are all involved with SARA
true
True or False:
Abomasal ulceration and displacement can be linked with SARA
true!
Thiaminase producing bacteria cause this neural condition associated with SARA. State the condition and the bacteria
Cerebro-cortical necrosis
- C. sporogenes and B. thiaminolyticus
How many samples do you need to confirm SARA upon dx and what percentage of those samples confirms; also state the dx pH
Minimum 6 samples. Positive if more than 25% is below 5.6
Lactic acidosis can also be caused by overload of this?
Grain overload!
Grain engorgement can cause rumen _____ and acid _______
Grain engorgement can cause rumen acidosis** and acid **indigestion
We often see lactic acidosis on feedlots and dairy’s from eating this type of feed causing SLUG feeding? also state the types
- fermentable feed
- wheat
- barley
- corn
Is lactic acidosis usually related to a single episode of feed intake (engorgement) or a chronic over intake over time?
single episode of feed intake (engorgement)
When the vet shows up for Peracute lactic acidosis what does he see with the animal?
cattle found dead!
When the vet shows up for acute severe lactic acidosis what does he see with the animal? when do signs manifest and when is the peak of the metabolic crisus? State some clinical signs
- Depression or Excitatory?
- HR/RR
- D+ if present or color?
- Palpebral and corneal reflex?
- Extremities warm or cold?
- Dehydration and ruminal status?
(Signs develop after 12–36hours.Peak of metabolic crisis after 36hours)
- Depression or Excitatory?
- Severedepression,muscletremors,ataxia,down
- HR/RR
- increased HR and RR (shallow)
- D+ if present or color?
- grey D+
- Palpebral and corneal reflex?
- slow and comatose
- Extremities warm or cold?
- cold
- Dehydration and ruminal status?
- fluid filled, distended rumen ;rumen stasis
What is the pathogenesis of lactic acidosis?
- Bacteria involved (2)?
- Ph (increase or decrease)
- ___ and ___ lactic acid
-Bacteria involved (2)?
- Steptococcus bovis
- Lactobacillus
- Ph (increase or decrease)
- Decrease
- D and L lactic acid
Where is lactic acid absorbed?
in the blood stream
In terms of D and L lactic acid, which one is metabolized (and state into what) and which is non metabolizable and what does it cause?
- L- Lactic acid; metabolized. Glucose and bicarbonate
- D- Lactic acid; non-metabolizable. Cause metabolic acidosis
Ataxia and depression can be caused by lactic acidosis; what issue with the kidney can lactic acidosis cause?
- Severe nephrosis with anuria
When lactic acid is in the rumen it ____ the rumen osmolality. _____ fluid flows into the rumen resulting in ______, fluid filled rumen, and what type of D+?.
These result in _______ and ______ collapse
When lactic acid is in the rumen it increases** the rumen osmolality. **extracellular** fluid flows into the rumen resulting in **dehydration, fluid filled rumen, and what type of D+? (osmotic diarrhea)
These result in hypovolemia** and **circulatory collapse
Lactic acid in the rumen can cause chemical rumenitis and _____ of therume mucosa leaving the rumen and portal system open for?
sloughing; bacterial invasion
When lactic acid enter the rumen what dies off with the release of endotoxins
gram negative bacteria
Lactic acid aggravates the signs of ______ collapse
circulatory
Lactic acidosis chemical and osmotic effect can cause severe _____; osmotic pooling of ______ fluid; and endotoxin release
- severe rumenitis
- extracellular
______ ______, endotoxemia, and ______ cause cause signs of circulatory failure then death
Metabolic acidosis**, endotoxemia, and **dehydration cause cause signs of circulatory failure then death
What is a very important clinical finding in terms of the rumen sie with lactic acidosis?
- Large fluid filled rumen
What does the rumen fluid look like in terms of pH, acidic or basic, color, protozoa count for lactic acidosis?
pH 5 or less; Acidic; Milky – gray; No protozoa; MBR more than 5 min
What 2 clinical signs exclude all other presenting signs that may lead you to another differential for lactic acidosis?
- fluid filled rumen
- low rumen pH
What can we do for treatment of Lactic acidosis for mild versus severe ?
Mild cases or recent exposure
- Prevent further access; hay and water only
- Antacid orally MgOxide 1gram/kg bodyweight
• Exercise
Moderate or severe cases (usually 6-8 hours after intake)
2 categories:
• Down/Standing with signs of circulatory compromise
- Euthenasia/ slaughter
- Intensive supportive treatment and surgery
What kind of supportive treatment can we offer for lactic acidosis?
IV fluids. Polyionic isotonic fluids 10% of bw.
Sodium bicarbonate 1-3 meq/kg
NSAID’s
Antibiotics. Penicillins
Vit B1 and B12
Calcium
Rumenotomy and rumen lavage
Lavage through tube not very effective. Kingman tube
How can we prevent lactic acidosis?
- Avoid sudden ration changes
- Don’t “slug” feed
- Avoid finely ground and very soluble starches (Bread products)
- Keep the feed room door closed
- Supply enough effective fiber
