T2 L9: Morphological plan of the lower limb

Question 1

What is bipedalism?

Answer 1

Having 2 feet

Question 2

Where are the flexors and extensors on the lower limb?

Answer 2

Flexors: posterior
Extensors: anterior

Question 3

What are the names of the bones of the lower limb?

Answer 3

Pelvis
Femur
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsal bones
Metatarsals
Phalanges

Question 4

What is the difference between an epicondyle and a condyle?

Answer 4

Epicondyles are higher up on the bones

Question 5

Where is the lateral and medial malleolus?

Answer 5

At the ankle, they’re the 2 projections

Question 6

What is dorsiflexion?

Answer 6

Moving the foot upwards

Question 7

What is plantarflexion?

Answer 7

Moving the foot downwards

Question 8

What is inversion and eversion of the foot?

Answer 8

Inversion: moving sole of foot medially

Eversion: moving sole of the foot laterally

Question 9

What is the medial compartment of the thigh for?

Answer 9

Adduction of the thigh

Question 10

What is the function of each of the gluteal muscles?

Answer 10

Maximus: extension and lateral rotation of the thigh

Medius and minimus: abduction and medial rotation of the thigh

Question 11

What is the function of the iliotibial tract?

Answer 11

It allows gluteus maximus to support the extended knee

Question 12

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of gluteus maximus?

Answer 12

Origin: ilium

Insertion: gluteal tuberosity on the femur and the iliotibial tract

Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve

Question 13

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of gluteus madius?

Answer 13

Origin: ilium

Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur

Innervation: superior gluteal nerve

Question 14

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of gluteus minimus?

Answer 14

Origin: ilium

Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur

Innervation: superior gluteal nerve

Question 15

Name some small muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 15

Piriformis
Gemellus superior
Obturator internus
Gemellus Inferior
Quadratus femoris

Question 16

What is the origin, insertion, and innervation of the short lateral rotators of the gluteal region?

Answer 16

Origin: ischium/ischiopubic ramus

Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur

Innervation: branches from the sacral plexus

Question 17

What is the origin, insertion, and innervation of the Piriformis muscle?

Answer 17

Origin: sacrum

Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur

Innervation: branches of the sacral plexus

Question 18

What are the muscles that make up the quadriceps (anterior compartment)?

Answer 18

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius

Question 19

What is the origin, insertion, and innervation of the quadriceps?

Answer 19

Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine and femur

Insertion: Tibial tuberosity

Innervation: Femoral nerve

Question 20

What is the origin, insertion, and innervation of the sartorius muscle?

Answer 20

Origin: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

Insertion: Tibia

Innervation: femoral nerve

Question 21

Which muscles make up the hamstrings (posterior compartment)?

Answer 21

Semimembranosus
Semitendonosus
Biceps femoris

Question 22

What is the origin, insertion, and innervation of the hamstrings?

Answer 22

Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: tibia and fibula

Innervation: Sciatic nerve

Question 23

Which muscles make up the medial compartment of the thigh?

Answer 23

Pectineus
adductor longus
Gracilis
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus

Question 24

What is the origin, insertion, and innervation of the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

Answer 24

Origin: Pubis and ischium

Insertion: linea aspera of the femur

Innervation: obturator nerve (except pectinius and hamstring part of abductor magnus)

Question 25

What is the origin and insertion of each part of adductor magnus?

Answer 25

Adductor part: ischiopubic ramus to linea aspera on the femur Hamstring part: ischial tuberosity to the adductor tubercle

Question 26

What are the movements of the adductor muscles of the thigh?

Answer 26

Adduction of thigh Medial rotation Extension of thigh

Question 27

Which muscles are responsible for flexion of the thigh?

Answer 27

Rectus femoris Sartorius Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major)

Question 28

Which muscles are responsible for abduction of the thigh?

Answer 28

Gluteus medias and minimus

Question 29

Which muscles are responsible for extension of the thigh?

Answer 29

Gluteus maximus Hamstrings Hamstring part of adductor magnus

Question 30

Which muscles are responsible for adduction of the thigh?

Answer 30

``` Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor part of adductor magnus Pectineus Gracilis ```

Question 31

Which muscles are responsible for medial and lateral rotation of the thigh?

Answer 31

Gluteal muscles, hamstrings, adductors, and short rotators

Question 32

What is the vertebral origin of each of the muscles supplying the thigh?

Answer 32

Femoral nerve (L2-L4 anterior rami) Obturator nerve (L2-L4 posterior rami) Sciatic nerve (L4-S3)

Question 33

What is the ligament that runs between ASIS and the pubic tubercle?

Answer 33

The inguinal ligament

Question 34

What is the function of the saphenous nerve?

Answer 34

It gives sensory info to the medial leg/foot

Question 35

What is the function of the femoral nerve?

Answer 35

Gives motor to anterior compartment of the thigh Gives sensory to skin over anterior thigh, knee, and medial side of the leg and foot through the saphenous branch

Question 36

What is the function of the obturator nerve?

Answer 36

Gives motor to the medial compartment of the thigh except pectineus and hamstring part of adductor magnus Gives sensory to the skin over medial thigh

Question 37

What is the function of the sciatic nerve?

Answer 37

Gives motor to posterior compartment of the thigh and leg and foot plus the hamstring part of adductor magnus Gives sensory to the skin over the leg and foot but not the medial side

Question 38

What are the division of the sciatic nerve?

Answer 38

Exits through the greater sciatic foramen At the popliteal fossa, it splits into the tibial nerve (medial) and common fibular/peroneal nerve (lateral). The common fibular/peroneal nerve divides into the superficial and deep fibular nerve The common fibular nerve rejoins with the tibial nerve to form the sural nerve

Question 39

What is the function of the sural nerve?

Answer 39

It supplies sensory to the calf and to the lateral foot

Question 40

What is the arterial blood supply to the leg?

Answer 40

The external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery after the inguinal ligament. Femoral artery divides to form the profundus femoris artery to the posterior thigh. The femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery after the adductor hiatus The popliteal artery splits into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries

Question 41

What is the femoral triangle?

Answer 41

It's on the anterior part of the thigh It's created by the inguinal canal on top, sartorius muscle, and adductor longus

Question 42

What is the clinical significance of the femoral triangle?

Answer 42

Femoral hernia Angioplasty Femoral nerve block Venepuncture

Question 43

What covers the structures withing the femoral triangle?

Answer 43

In a femoral sheath the lymphatics are contained within the femoral canal within the femoral sheath

Question 44

Which artery runs under the sartorius muscle?

Answer 44

The femoral nerve and then it passes through the adductor hiatus

Question 45

What do the anterior and posterior tibial arteries supply?

Answer 45

The anterior and posterior compartments of the leg

Question 46

What is the function of the great saphenous vein?

Answer 46

medial side of the foot

Question 47

What is the function of the small saphenous veins?

Answer 47

lateral side of the foot

Question 48

What does the great saphenous vein drain into?

Answer 48

Into the femoral vein

Question 49

What does the short saphenous vein drain into?

Answer 49

Into the popliteal vein

Question 50

What is the lymphatic drainage of the leg?

Answer 50

Superficial inguinal nodes: drains the skin and superficial fascia of the limb Deep inguinal nodes: beside the femoral vein