T2 L9: Morphological plan of the lower limb Flashcards
What is bipedalism?
Having 2 feet
Where are the flexors and extensors on the lower limb?
Flexors: posterior
Extensors: anterior
What are the names of the bones of the lower limb?
Pelvis Femur Fibula Tibia Tarsal bones Metatarsals Phalanges
What is the difference between an epicondyle and a condyle?
Epicondyles are higher up on the bones
Where is the lateral and medial malleolus?
At the ankle, they’re the 2 projections
What is dorsiflexion?
Moving the foot upwards
What is plantarflexion?
Moving the foot downwards
What is inversion and eversion of the foot?
Inversion: moving sole of foot medially
Eversion: moving sole of the foot laterally
What is the medial compartment of the thigh for?
Adduction of the thigh
What is the function of each of the gluteal muscles?
Maximus: extension and lateral rotation of the thigh
Medius and minimus: abduction and medial rotation of the thigh
What is the function of the iliotibial tract?
It allows gluteus maximus to support the extended knee
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of gluteus maximus?
Origin: ilium
Insertion: gluteal tuberosity on the femur and the iliotibial tract
Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of gluteus madius?
Origin: ilium
Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur
Innervation: superior gluteal nerve
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of gluteus minimus?
Origin: ilium
Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur
Innervation: superior gluteal nerve
Name some small muscles of the gluteal region
Piriformis Gemellus superior Obturator internus Gemellus Inferior Quadratus femoris
What is the origin, insertion, and innervation of the short lateral rotators of the gluteal region?
Origin: ischium/ischiopubic ramus
Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur
Innervation: branches from the sacral plexus
What is the origin, insertion, and innervation of the Piriformis muscle?
Origin: sacrum
Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur
Innervation: branches of the sacral plexus
What are the muscles that make up the quadriceps (anterior compartment)?
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
What is the origin, insertion, and innervation of the quadriceps?
Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine and femur
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity
Innervation: Femoral nerve
What is the origin, insertion, and innervation of the sartorius muscle?
Origin: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Insertion: Tibia
Innervation: femoral nerve
Which muscles make up the hamstrings (posterior compartment)?
Semimembranosus
Semitendonosus
Biceps femoris
What is the origin, insertion, and innervation of the hamstrings?
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: tibia and fibula
Innervation: Sciatic nerve
Which muscles make up the medial compartment of the thigh?
Pectineus adductor longus Gracilis Adductor brevis Adductor magnus
What is the origin, insertion, and innervation of the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?
Origin: Pubis and ischium
Insertion: linea aspera of the femur
Innervation: obturator nerve (except pectinius and hamstring part of abductor magnus)
What is the origin and insertion of each part of adductor magnus?
Adductor part: ischiopubic ramus to linea aspera on the femur
Hamstring part: ischial tuberosity to the adductor tubercle
What are the movements of the adductor muscles of the thigh?
Adduction of thigh
Medial rotation
Extension of thigh
Which muscles are responsible for flexion of the thigh?
Rectus femoris
Sartorius
Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major)
Which muscles are responsible for abduction of the thigh?
Gluteus medias and minimus
Which muscles are responsible for extension of the thigh?
Gluteus maximus
Hamstrings
Hamstring part of adductor magnus
Which muscles are responsible for adduction of the thigh?
Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor part of adductor magnus Pectineus Gracilis
Which muscles are responsible for medial and lateral rotation of the thigh?
Gluteal muscles, hamstrings, adductors, and short rotators
What is the vertebral origin of each of the muscles supplying the thigh?
Femoral nerve (L2-L4 anterior rami)
Obturator nerve (L2-L4 posterior rami)
Sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
What is the ligament that runs between ASIS and the pubic tubercle?
The inguinal ligament
What is the function of the saphenous nerve?
It gives sensory info to the medial leg/foot
What is the function of the femoral nerve?
Gives motor to anterior compartment of the thigh
Gives sensory to skin over anterior thigh, knee, and medial side of the leg and foot through the saphenous branch
What is the function of the obturator nerve?
Gives motor to the medial compartment of the thigh except pectineus and hamstring part of adductor magnus
Gives sensory to the skin over medial thigh
What is the function of the sciatic nerve?
Gives motor to posterior compartment of the thigh and leg and foot plus the hamstring part of adductor magnus
Gives sensory to the skin over the leg and foot but not the medial side
What are the division of the sciatic nerve?
Exits through the greater sciatic foramen
At the popliteal fossa, it splits into the tibial nerve (medial) and common fibular/peroneal nerve (lateral).
The common fibular/peroneal nerve divides into the superficial and deep fibular nerve
The common fibular nerve rejoins with the tibial nerve to form the sural nerve
What is the function of the sural nerve?
It supplies sensory to the calf and to the lateral foot
What is the arterial blood supply to the leg?
The external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery after the inguinal ligament. Femoral artery divides to form the profundus femoris artery to the posterior thigh.
The femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery after the adductor hiatus
The popliteal artery splits into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries
What is the femoral triangle?
It’s on the anterior part of the thigh
It’s created by the inguinal canal on top, sartorius muscle, and adductor longus
What is the clinical significance of the femoral triangle?
Femoral hernia
Angioplasty
Femoral nerve block
Venepuncture
What covers the structures withing the femoral triangle?
In a femoral sheath
the lymphatics are contained within the femoral canal within the femoral sheath
Which artery runs under the sartorius muscle?
The femoral nerve and then it passes through the adductor hiatus
What do the anterior and posterior tibial arteries supply?
The anterior and posterior compartments of the leg
What is the function of the great saphenous vein?
medial side of the foot
What is the function of the small saphenous veins?
lateral side of the foot
What does the great saphenous vein drain into?
Into the femoral vein
What does the short saphenous vein drain into?
Into the popliteal vein
What is the lymphatic drainage of the leg?
Superficial inguinal nodes: drains the skin and superficial fascia of the limb
Deep inguinal nodes: beside the femoral vein
