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1. Theme 1: Alimentary system > T1 L6: Secretions of the intestine, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas > Flashcards

T1 L6: Secretions of the intestine, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

Where is vitamin B12 absorbed in the intestine?

A

In the ilium (Payers patches)

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2
Q

What is secretin?

A

Secreted by S cells and it stimulates pancreatic and biliary bicarbonate secretion to produce high volume HCO3- rich pancreatic juice

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3
Q

What is Cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A

Its secreted by I cells and it stimulates pancreatic and gall bladder secretion

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4
Q

What is glucose dependent insulinotrophic peptide (GIP)?

A

Secreted by K cells and it inhibits acid secretion and insulin release is stimulated

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5
Q

What do goblet cells secrete?

A

Mucus

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6
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells secrete?

A

Secretin, cholecystokinin, or GIP

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7
Q

What do Paneth cells secrete?

A

Lysozyme capable of phagocytosis

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8
Q

Which secretory cells are found on villi?

A

absorptive enterocytes and goblet cells

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9
Q

Which secretory cells are found in intestinal glands?

A

Enterocytes secreting isotonic fluid, entero-endocrine cells, Paneth cells

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10
Q

Where are Brunner’s glands found?

A

Only in the duodenum

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11
Q

What do Brunner’s glands secrete?

A

Mucus and HCO3-

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12
Q

Where are stem cells found in the intestines?

A

In the base of crypts

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13
Q

What is the turnover rate in the intestines?

A

3-6 days

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14
Q

What is exocrine pancreatic juice made up of?

A

Bicarbonate and digestive enzymes

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15
Q

What is produced in the alpha islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

A

Glucagon

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16
Q

What is produced in the beta islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

A

Insulin

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17
Q

What is produced in the delta islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

A

Somatostatin

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18
Q

What is produced in the F-cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

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19
Q

What does Somatostatin do?

A

It inhibits many digestive processes

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20
Q

What does pancreatic polypeptide do?

A

It regulates pancreatic secretions

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21
Q

What % of the pancreas is made up of exocrine acinar clusters secreting pancreatic juice?

A

99%

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22
Q

What stimulates the production of ACh in acinar clusters of the pancreas?

A

Parasympathetic vagus nerve stimulation

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23
Q

What makes up the pancreatic juice secreted by exocrine acinar clusters in the pancreas?

A

Water, electrolytes, sodium bicarbonate and pro-enzymes

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24
Q

What stimulates the production of CCK in acinar clusters of the pancreas?

A

Chyme containing fat and proteins

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25
Q

What stimulates the production of secretin in ductal cells of the pancreas?

A

H+ in chyme

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26
Q

What is the function of trypsin inhibitor?

A

It prevents activation of trypsin to prevent pancreatic digestion

27
Q

Why are proteolytic enzymes secreted in inactive form?

A

To prevent autodigestion within the pancreas. They’re activated in the brush border of the small intestine

28
Q

What do nucleases digest?

A

RNA and DNA into nucleic acids

29
Q

What are zymogens?

A

The inactive form of proteolytic enzymes

30
Q

What does trypsin do?

A

A type of proteolytic enzyme that goes on to activate other proteolytic enzymes

31
Q

How is trypsin activated?

A

The enzyme enterokinase cleaved hexapeptide to form active trypsin from trypsinogen in the brush border of the small intestine

32
Q

What is the brush border of the small intestine?

A

The border of the small intestine. The epithelium lining it

33
Q

What is the CFTR transporter for and what controls it?

A

For recycling of Cl-. Its under the stimulation of secretin

34
Q

Which nerve supplies the submandibular and sublingual glands?

A

Super salivary nucleus (CN7 - the facial nerve)

35
Q

Which nerve supplies the parotid gland?

A

The inferior salivary gland (CN9 - the glossopharyngeal nerve). Has to go through the Ottic ganglia to get to the gland

36
Q

What do enteroendocrine G-celldo?

A

They respond to partially digested proteins and therefore the [H+] in the stomach, and then they will secrete gastrin in response

37
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

It stimulates parietal cells to release HCl and chief cells to release pepsinogen

38
Q

What do chief cells do?

A

They secrete pepsinogen that under a specific pH will turn into pepsin in the stomach

39
Q

Why do partially digested proteins result in a pH change?

A

H+ will bind to proteins so having a lot of proteins increases pH into more alkali

40
Q

What is somatostatin stimulated by?

A

Low pH

41
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

They have carbonic anhydrase to produce HCl in the stomach

42
Q

What do ECL cells do?

A

Secrete histamine

43
Q

What do D-cells do?

A

Produce somatostatin

44
Q

Which nervous system control motility?

A

The enteric NS

45
Q

How does omeprazole work?

A

Inhibits H+/K+ ATPase

46
Q

How does Atropine work?

A

It inhibits muscarinic receptors and vagal stimulation of acid secretion

47
Q

What is the mechanism behind cholera?

A

The permanent activation of adenylyl cyclase so Cl- are constantly being pushed out and water will follow leading to dehydration

48
Q

What is the ionic composition of unstimulated secretion?

A

Low secretion rate and its similar in composition as plasma

49
Q

What is the ionic composition of stimulated secretion?

A

High secretion rate high in HCO3- and low in Cl-

50
Q

What is the mechanism behind cystic fibrosis?

A

The CFTR transporter is defective leading to the ducts being blocked with enzymes and mucus that will lead to fibrosis of the pancreas

51
Q

Which cells secrete intrinsic factor needed for vitamin B12 digestion?

A

Parietal cells

52
Q

What oral medication is given to those with the CFTR Cl- transporter?

A

Oral pancreatic enzyme supplements with each meal

53
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

An inflammatory disease where pancreatic enzymes are activated within the pancreas leading to autodigestion. Most common causes are gall stones and alcohol abuse

54
Q

Which organ concentrates bile and how?

A

The gallbladder by reabsorbing water and electrolytes across the gall bladder mucosa

55
Q

What do Kupffer cells do?

A

They digest old RBC’s

56
Q

What is Hepatocellular (congenital) jaundice?

A

The hepatocytes have altered function that prevents conjugation of bilirubin (making hydrophilic) so it can’t be transported by albumin. Caused by Crigler-Najjar syndrome

57
Q

What is pre-hepatic jaundice?

A

Excessive RBC breakdown causing build up of bilirubin because the body can’t keep up. Can happen with haemolytic anaemia

58
Q

What is Hepatocellular (congenital) jaundice?

A

The hepatocytes have altered function

59
Q

What is post-hepatic jaundice?

A

Obstruction of the bile duct. Caused by gall stones

60
Q

How is bile secretion regulated (3 ways)?

A

CCK causes gall bladder contraction. Secretin is released in response to acidic chyme and it causes ductal secretion of HCO3-. Vagal and ACh stimulation causes bile flow and gall bladder contraction

61
Q

What is enterohepatic circulation for?

A

Recycling of bile salts

62
Q

What are the common causes of glass stones?

A

Excessive water and bile salt reabsorption, excessive cholesterol, inflammation

63
Q

What is Cholelithiasis?

A

Gall stones

1. Theme 1: Alimentary system (15 decks)

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