T1 L16 - T1D

Question 1

T1D Male and female

Answer 1

affected equally

Question 2

Genetic predisposition

Answer 2

Association with HLA antigens

Question 3

Patho of type 1 diabetes

Answer 3

Beta cell events trigger autoimmune response
Autoreactive T cells and inflammation cause severe loss of pancreatic Beta cells.
develops to insulitis.
insulitis - pathological hallmark of T1D - an inflammatory lesion consisting of immune cell infiltrates around and within the islets

genetic predisposition - insulitis - prediabetes - diabetes

Question 4

What can trigger autoimmune response?

Answer 4

viral infection - Coxsackie
ER stress
cytokines

Question 5

Associations with T1D?

Answer 5

coeliac disease 
hypothyroidism 
graves disease 
addisons disease
pernicious anaemia

Question 6

Symptoms

Answer 6

lethargy 
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Blurred Vision
Candida infections
Weight Loss
Ketosis/ Ketoacidosis
Death

Question 7

How do we diagnose T1D?

Answer 7

age of onset 
rapidity of onset 
phenotype 
PMH 
FH 
weight loss
ketosis 
GAD/IA2/Zinc transporter 8 antibody positive 
C peptide

Question 8

C-peptide

Answer 8

A good measure of how much insulin a person is making

produced in a 1:1 ratio with insulin

Question 9

Factors affecting blood glucose?

Answer 9

diet
injection site 
temperature - hot weather 
exercise 
illness
stress
alcohol 
menstrual cycle

Question 10

Monitoring

Answer 10

CGMS - continuous glucose monitoring system
monitor glucose 4x daily

Ketone monitoring
urine - acetoacetate
blood - beta hydroxbutyrate

HbA1c - glycated Hb
Reflects glucose over the last 3 months