L18 long term complications diabetes

Question 1

Pathological findings of diabetic retinopathy

Answer 1

Loss of pericytes (Pericytes key to local regulation of flow)
basement membrane thickening
capillary closure
ischaemia - VEGF production and increased capillary permeability

Question 2

what are the clinical stages of retinopathy

Answer 2

non proliferative stage
proliferative
macular oedema - sight threatening

Question 3

neuropathy types

Answer 3

Peripheral neuropathy
Mononeuropathy
Autonomic neuropathy

Neuropathic ulcer
callus on foot - hard skin
charcot foot

Question 4

signs of autonomic neuropathy

Answer 4

Gastroparesis
Postural hypotension
Erectile dysfunction
Gustatory sweating
Diarrhoea

Question 5

Pathological findings of diabetic nephropathy

Answer 5

basement membrane thickening 
loss of negative charge 
podocyte loss - loss of integrity of filtration barrier 
glomerular sclerosis 
mesangial expansion