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Disease and Defence > T cells > Flashcards

T cells Flashcards

1
Q

When can T cells recognise protein antigens?

A

Only after they are broken down into peptide fragments

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2
Q

How are T cells presented with peptides?

A

the MHC class 1 molecules

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3
Q

What receptors do T cells express on their surface?

A
  • T cell receptor (TCR)
  • Either a CD8 or CD4 receptor
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4
Q

Where is MHC class 1 found?

A

On the surface of most nucleated cells

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5
Q

What type of T cells express the CD8 receptor on their surface?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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6
Q

What is the function of CD4 T cells?

A

They help other innate and adaptive immune cells to execute their effector function (‘helper T cells’)

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7
Q

Which MHC class do CD8 T cells respond to?

A

Class 1

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8
Q

Which MHC class do CD4 T cells respond to?

A

Class 2

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9
Q

Where is MHC class II found?

A
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10
Q

How many chains are T cell receptors made up of?

A

8

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11
Q

What is the function of the alpha and beta chains of T cell receptors?

A

They mediate antigen recognition

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12
Q

What are MHCs?

A

Glycoproteins which display peptides on the surface of T cells

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13
Q

How many gene loci are there for where MHC 1 are expressed?

A

3

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14
Q

How many different MHC class 1 are on each cell?

A

6

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15
Q

What type of proteins are processed and presented with MHC class 1 molecules?

A

Cytosolic proteins

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16
Q

Outline how MHC class 1 presents proteins

A
  • cytosolic proteins are processed to peptides in proteasome
  • Peptides bind to MHC class 1 molecules in the ER
  • The MHC class 1 molecules are transported through the Golgi apparatus and trafficked to the surface
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17
Q

What are the characteristics of MHC Class 1?

A
  • One heavy chain
  • Associated with beta-2 microglobulin
  • Peptide short
18
Q

What type of proteins do MHC Class II molecules present?

A

Extracellular proteins

19
Q

Outline how MHC Class II presents proteins

A
  • Proteins are taken into endocytic vesicles
  • The proteins are then digested to peptides in the endosomes
  • Vesciles containing MHC Class II fuse with the endosomes and then resulting molecules are moved to the surface of the cell
20
Q

What are the characteristics of MHC Class II?

A
  • 2 heavy chains
  • binds longer peptides than class 1
21
Q

Where are T cells produced?

A

In the bone marrow

22
Q

Where are T cells educated?

A

The thymus

23
Q

What type of cells activate T cells?

A

Dendritic cells

24
Q

How many types of CD4 T cells are there?

A

3

25
Q

What are the 3 groups of CD4 T cells?

A
  • Th1
  • Th2
  • Th17
26
Q

What is the function of TFH cells?

A

They enhance B cell differentiation in germinal centres

27
Q

What are the types of CD4 T cell?

A
  • Helper
  • Follicular helper
  • Regulatory
28
Q

What is the main function of CD4 regulatory T cells?

A

They supress the immune response to prevent inappropriate response to self

29
Q

What is the function of Th1 cells?

A
  • Help macrophages respond to intravesicular pathogens by producing cytokines
30
Q

What costimulatory molecules do dendritic cells produce that activate T cells?

A

CD80 and CD86

31
Q

What effects does an activated macrophage have?

A
  • Increases production of oxygen radicals
  • Increases intracellular killing
  • Increases production of cytokines to drive inflammation
  • Recruits other immune cells
32
Q

How can macrophages provide feedback communication?

A

Peptides from the degradation of bacteria can be presented on MHC class II molecules

33
Q

How do Th1 and Th2 cells help B cells to produce antibodies?

A

They stimulate isotype swtching

34
Q

Explain the role of dual recognition in activation of B cells?

A
  • 2 recgonition events must occur independently in order to activate b cells
  • Helps to prevent self-recognition
35
Q

What recognition events must occur to activate a B cell?

A
  • CD4 T cellhas to recognise an antigenic peptide
  • B cell needs engagement of the B cell receptor
36
Q

How do TFH help activate B cells?

A

They promote the formation of germinal centres

37
Q

What is the function of CD8 T cells?

A

They are cytotoxic T cells which kill tumour cells or cells infected by cytosolic pathogens

38
Q

What do CD8 T cells secrete as a pro-inflammatory cytokine?

A

IFNγ

39
Q

What cytotoxic proteins do CD8 T cells produce?

A
  • Perforin
  • Granzymes
  • Granulysin
40
Q

How do CD8 T cells release cytotoxic proteins?

A
  • Recognition of a target cell occurs
  • Cytotoxic granules move and become polarised
  • The granules are then released at the site of cell contact

Disease and Defence (16 decks)

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