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Disease and Defence > Immunopathology > Flashcards

Immunopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Define immunopathology

A

Damage caused to tissues as the result of an immune response

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of disease caused by the immune system?

A
  • Hypersensitivity diseases
  • Autoimmune diseases
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3
Q

What are hypersensitivity diseases?

A

Diseases that occur as a result of excessive or increased immune responses to ‘foreign’ antigens

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4
Q

What are autoimmune diseases?

A

Diseases which occur as a result of the immune system responding to ‘self’ antigens

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5
Q

What is type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Immediate hypersensitivity

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6
Q

Outline the process of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • IgE produced against a harmless antigen
  • IgE binds to Fc receptors on mast cell surface
  • Soluble antigen binding to Fc receptor bound
  • Mast cells release chemical mediators which leads to inflammation
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7
Q

Give examples of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • allergic asthma
  • hay fever
  • atopic eczema
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8
Q

How are mast cells activated?

A

By antigen cross-linking

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9
Q

What receptor for IgE do mast cells carry?

A

FcƐR1

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10
Q

What is characterstic of a local hypersensitivity reaction in the skin?

A

Wheal-and-Flare reaction

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11
Q

Why can circulatory collapse occur as a result of anaphylatic shock?

A

Permeability of blood vessels is increased which prevents organs from getting enough blood

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12
Q

What are Type II hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Cytotoxic/antibody-mediated

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13
Q

Which antigen(s) are involved in type II hypersensitivity reactions?

A

IgG and IgM

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14
Q

What occurs in type II hypersensitivity reactions?

A
  • Complement and phagocytic mechanisms
  • Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
  • IgG against cell surface receptors causing disruption of normal function
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15
Q

Which type of immune reaction occurs in incompatible blood transfusions?

A

type II hypersensitivity reactions

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16
Q

What kind of antibodies are generated in the hypersensitivity reaction against bee venom?

A

IgE

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17
Q

What is the effect of histamine on blood vessels?

A

It increases vascular permeability

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18
Q

What are the local effects of bee venom?

A

Immediate swelling and redness at a sting site

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19
Q

What is the systemic response to bee venom?

A
  • Hives
  • Fall in blood pressure
  • Wheezing
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20
Q

Why may a systemic response occur to bee venom?

A

Mast cells degranulate all over the body

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21
Q

Which classes of immunoglobulins fix complement?

A

IgM and IgG

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22
Q

Outline the initiation of the complement cascade

A
  • Pentameric IgM molecules bind to antigens on bacterial cell surface
  • IgG molecules bind to bacterial cell surface
  • Cq1 then binds to either the IgM or IgG molecules
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23
Q

What are the symptoms of haemolytic disease of the newborn?

Why?

A

Enlarged liver and spleen due to macrophages phagocytosing IgG coated fetal red blood cells

24
Q

What are type III hypersensitivity reactions?

A
25
Q

What do type III hypersensitivity reactions involve?

A
  • Soluble antigens which bind antibodies to form an immune complex
  • Deposition of antigen:antibody complexes in blood vessel walls
26
Q

What are the effects of antigen:antibody complex deposition in type III hypersensitivity reactions?

A
  • Fix complement
  • Ligate Fc receptors
  • Leukocyte activation
  • Tissue damage
27
Q

What is seen in a subcutaneous Type III hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Arthus reaction

28
Q

What is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Delayed type hypersensitvity

29
Q

What immune cells does a type IV hypersensitivity reaction involve?

A

CD4+ and CD8+ T cells

30
Q

Does a type IV hypersensitivity reaction involve antibodies?

A

No

31
Q

How is tissue damage caused in type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

A
  • Th1 cell activation of macrophages
  • Th2 cell activation of eosinophils
  • Direct cytotoxicity via cytotoxic T cells
32
Q

What is the mantoux test?

A

A test done to find whether someone has previously been exposed to TB

33
Q

Outline what occurs in a mantoux test

A
  • Tuberculin is injected intradermally
  • A local inflammatory T cell response occurs
34
Q

What is seen in a positive result for the mantoux test?

A

A visible lesion

35
Q

Why does the lesion develop 24-72 hours after injection in the mantoux test?

A

Antigen-specific Th1 are rare so it takes time for the cells to migrate and recruit macrophages

36
Q

What type hypersensitvity response is exploited in the mantoux test?

A

Type IV

37
Q

What is an autouimmune disease?

A

Conditions where the immune system reacts to antigen contained within the patient’s body, auto-antigens, by producing auto-antibodies

38
Q

Give 2 examples of antibody-mediated autoimmune disease

A
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
  • Autoimmune thryoiditis
39
Q

What causes the symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

A

Patients develop antibodies to many self antigens including DNA

40
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction causes Lupus?

A

Type III

41
Q

How does damage to the kidneys occur in lupus?

A
  • Autoantibodies bind to their antigens and immune complexes are formed
  • Immune complexes deposite in the kidneys
  • This leads to kidney damage
42
Q

Give 3 examples of cell-mediated autoimmune disease

A
43
Q

What causes Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

Auto-antibodies against thyroid peroxidase causes death of thyroi cells

44
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A
  • Tirerdness
  • Depression
  • Weight gain
45
Q

What is the name of autoimmune hypothyroidism?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

46
Q

How is hashimoto’s thyroiditis treated?

A

Synthetic thyroid hormone

47
Q

What is the name of autoimmune hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s disease

48
Q

What causes Grave’s disease?

A
  • Auto-antibodies against the receptor for thyroid stimulating hormone
  • Antibodies bind to the TSH receptor
  • Causes over-production of thyroid hormones
49
Q

What causes multiple sclerosis?

A
  • T cells migrate to the central nervous system where they destroy myelin sheaths
50
Q

What are the symptoms of Grave’s disease?

A
  • Goitre (swollen thyroid gland)
  • Exopthalmia (bulging eyes)
51
Q

How is Grave’s disease treated?

A

With antithyroid drugs or thyroidectomy

52
Q

What are cell mediated autoimmune diseases?

A
53
Q

What are the symptoms of mutiple sclerosis?

A
  • Loss of nerve function
  • Death of nerves
  • Varying degress of disability
54
Q

What causes rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Infiltration of the synovium by B cells and CD4 T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils

55
Q

What causes Type 1 diabetes?

A

Cytotoxic T cells destroy the insulin producing β cells of the pancreas

56
Q

How is celiac disease different to other autoimmune diseases?

A
  • It has features of both a hypersensitivity response and autoimmunity
  • Gluten must be present to provoke the immune response

Disease and Defence (16 decks)

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