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Disease and Defence > Communication in the immune system > Flashcards

Communication in the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What do scavenger receptors recognise?

A

Anionic polymers and unknown targets

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2
Q

What cell type mediates CD4 cell activation?

A

Dendritic cells

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3
Q

How do dendritic cells communicate it has seen a pathogen through PRR?

A

Upregulation of CD80/86

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4
Q

How many signals are required by T cells to be fully stimulated?

A

2

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5
Q

What is ‘signal 1’ in the activation of T cells?

A

Antigen presenting cells present an antigen

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6
Q

What is signal 2 in the activation of T cells?

A

CD28 receptor binds to CD80/86 as well as CD receptor with MHC II

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7
Q

What do T cells upregulate to show they are activated?

A

CD40L

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8
Q

How do T cells activate macrophages?

A
  • T cell upregulates CD40L to indicate that it is activated
  • Macrophage has a CD40L receptor, the binding enhances macrophage activity
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9
Q

How do T cells activate B cells?

A

Produce high CD40L levels

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10
Q

What are chemokines?

A

A large family of secreted proteins that are specifically responsible for regulating migration of leucocytes by chemotaxis

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11
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

The cellular migration up a concentration gradient of a diffusable protein

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12
Q

What is the function of CXCL8/ IL-8?

A

Mobilises, activates, and degranulates neutrophils

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13
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Secreted communication proteins of the immune system which act on specific receptors to change the behaviour of the receipient cell

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14
Q

Why are cytokines produced in response to infection in the innate immune system?

A
  • to mediate inflammation
  • to trigger anti-microbial function
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15
Q

What are the 2 most important early products of virally infected cells?

A

Interferon alpha and interferon beta

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16
Q

How do interferons help in the early response to viral infection?

A
  • Inhibits translation (induces resistance to viral replication)
  • Increases MHC class I expression
  • Activates NK cells to kill virally infected cells
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17
Q

What kind of cells produce interferon alpha and beta?

A

Any virus-infected cell

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18
Q

Which cell type is important in the early defence against bacteria and in the initiation of inflammation?

A

Macrophages

19
Q

What cytokines do macrphages produce?

A
  • IL-1β
  • TNF-α
  • IL-12
  • IL-6
  • CXCL8
20
Q

What is the function of IL-1β?

A
  • Activates the vascular endothelium
  • Increases access of additional immune cells as it creates gaps so allows cells to leave the blood
21
Q

What is the function of TNF-α?

A
  • Activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability
  • This increases access of effector cells, IgG and complement to the tissues
  • There is increased fluid drainage to lymph nodes
22
Q

What is the function of IL-12 early in the immune response?

A
  • It activates NK cells
  • Induces the differentiation of CD4 T cells to become Th1
23
Q

What is the function of IL-6?

A
  • Activates lymphocytes, favouring Th17 and TFH differentiation
  • Increases antibody production
24
Q

What is the function of CXCL8?

A
  • Chemokine
  • Attracts neutrophils, basophils, and T cells to the site of infection
25
Q

What are the local effects of the cytokines produced by macrophages?

A
  • Bring in other innate immune cells
  • Activates innate immune cells
  • Brings in T cells and induces differentiation to Th1 cells that can help activate macrophages
  • Stimulate antibody production by B cells
26
Q

What local effects of cytokines produced by macrophages occur late in the immune response?

A
  • Stimulate antibody production by B cells
  • Bring in T cells and induce differentiation to Th1 cells that help activate macrophages
  • Increases antibody production
27
Q

What local effects of cytokines produced by macrophages occur early in the immune response?

A
  • Bring in other innate immune cells
  • Activates innate immune cells
28
Q

Which cytokines produced by macrophages have a systemic effect?

A
  • IL-1
  • IL-6
  • TNF-alpha
29
Q

What are the systemic effects produced by TNF-alpha?

A
  • Induces fever
  • Stimulates dendritic cells to migrate to lymph nodes for T cell activation
30
Q

What systematic effects does IL-6 produce?

A

Mobilises neutrophils

31
Q

How can TNF-alpha have negative effects on the body?

A
  • Macrophages increase vascular permeability
  • Loss of fluid and plasma proteins leads to decreased blood volume and collapse of vessels
  • Can cause multiple organ failure and death
32
Q

What do cytokines influence?

A
  • Differentiation of T cells
  • Effector functions of T cells
  • Effector functions of B cells
33
Q

What is the function of IL-2?

A

It induces T cell proliferation and increases effector T cells

34
Q

What in the function of IFN-γ?

A

Activates macrophages to destroy bacteria, helps to produce a pro inflammatory response

35
Q

What is the function of IL-17?

A
  • Stimulates neutrophil recruitment
  • Stimulates fibroblasts and epithelial cells to produce chemokines
36
Q

What is the primary cytokine produced by Th17 cells?

A

IL-17

37
Q

What are the 2 most important cytokines produced by Th2 cells?

A
  • IL-2
  • IL-4
38
Q

What are the 3 most important cytokines produced by Th1 cells?

A
  • IL-2
  • IFN-γ
  • TNF-α
39
Q

What is the function of IL-4?

A
  • Activates B cells
  • Induces TH2 cell differentiation
  • Induces IgE isotype switch
40
Q

What is the most important cytokine produced by Th17 cells?

A

IL-17

41
Q

What are the 2 most important cytokines produced Treg cells?

A
  • TGFβ
  • IL-10
42
Q

Which cytokine does Treg cells use? Why?

A

IL-2

It acts as a sink for IL-2 so it reduces the concentration other cells are exposed to

43
Q

What is the function of TNFβ?

A
  • Inhibits Th1/Th2 differentiation
  • Promotes further Treg differentiation
44
Q

What is the function of IL-10?

A

Inhibits dendritic cell and macrophage function

Disease and Defence (16 decks)

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