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immunology > t cell activation > Flashcards

t cell activation Flashcards

1
Q

what are the requirements for t cell activation?

A

Antigen presented as peptides
by APCs using MHC molecules
Co-stimulators on the APCs
Cytokines

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2
Q

what are co- stimulators

A

APCs express molecules that are required for t cell activation in addition to the antigen

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3
Q

what are co stimulators (2)

A

Co-stimulators are important molecules that help activate our immune system

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4
Q

what happens when you have an activated APC

A

increased expression of co stimulators and secretion of cytokines

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5
Q

what are b7 co stimulautors?

A

molecules found on immune cells that play a crucial role in activating T cells.

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6
Q

what do t helpers do?

A

T helper cells
co-ordinate the immune response

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7
Q

what does a non specifc defense lead to?

A

macrophage/ neutrophil activation/ leukocyte migration

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8
Q

what does humoral immunity lead to?

A

activation of B cells

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9
Q

what does cellular immunity lead to?

A

activation of t cytoxic cells

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10
Q

what is the role of naiive t cells

A

Naïve T cells differentiate into different types of T helper cells

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11
Q

what is naive t cells dependant on?

A

is dependent on the type of cytokine secreted by the APC also dependant on what other cells are there as well

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12
Q

what does Pro-inflammatory macrophages give rise to?

A

Tissue damage

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13
Q

what does Anti-inflammatory macrophages give rise to?

A

Tissue repair

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14
Q

what does the TREG cell do? 1/2

A

Immunosuppression by binding to B7 molecules on APCs

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15
Q

what does the TREG cell do? 2/2

A

inhibit activation of neutrophils
- promotes angiogenesis

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16
Q

summarise Cytotoxic T cell activation

A

APCs are usually dendritic cells
Antigens need to be presented on MHC I molecules
T helper cells aid in CTLs activation in 2 ways

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17
Q

T helper cells aid in CTLs activation in 2 ways.

what ways do they help?

A

T helper cells secrete IL-2 which helps to activate naïve CTLs cells
T cells enhance the ability of APCs to stimulate CTLs cells

18
Q

what are CTLs cells?

A

identifying and destroying cells infected with pathogen

19
Q

what are the steps in Cytotoxic T cell activation

A

antigen recognition
lymphocyte activation
clonal expansion
differentiation
effector functions

20
Q

what are the 2 major types of MHC protein molecules?

A

Class I MHC molecules
Class II MHC molecules

21
Q

what is a Class II MHC molecules

A

are restricted to cells of theimmune system- macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells

22
Q

what is a Class I MHC molecules

A

present on everynucleated cellin an organisms

23
Q

where are CLASS 1 MHC molecules located?

A

MHCI molecules present peptides to T Cytotoxic cells

24
Q

where are CLASS 2 MHC molecules located?

A

MHCII molecules present peptides to T Helper cells

25
Q

what do cytotoxic t cells also produce?

A

Cytotoxic T cells also produce INF-γ (aids in activation of macrophages)

26
Q

describe memory t cells?

A

Specific for the antigen
Persist for years/lifetime
Respond more rapidly to specific antigen stimulation than naïve cells

27
Q

what TCR also known as?

A

T cell receptors

28
Q

each t cell has what?

A

number of TCRs (of a single specificity)

29
Q

what cell is only required in antigen recoginstion?

A

Only the TCR

30
Q

what is intergrin needed for?

A

adhesion

31
Q

what is CD28, CD3, CD4, CD8 needed for?

A

signal transduction.

32
Q

what is the structure like in a TCR ?

A

can bind only one antigen
recognise antigens displayed as short peptides

33
Q

What are the main types of APCs

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

34
Q

what can TCRs recongise?

A

antigens displayed as short peptides on MHC molecules

35
Q

t helper cells TCR recognise what?

A

recognise antigens displayed on MHC II molecules

36
Q

t cytotoxic cell TCR recognise what?

A

recognise antigens displayed on MHC I molecules

37
Q

what cells do t helper cells recognise?

A

CD4+ cells

38
Q

what do t cytoxic cells recongise?

A

CD8+

39
Q

CD4+ and CD8+ aid in what?

A

initiating signalling pathways within the cell

40
Q

binding of antigen to a tcr results in what?

A

activates a number of signalling pathways in the cell which results in its differentiation, proliferation activation of other effector activities

41
Q
A

immunology (13 decks)

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