inflammation Flashcards
what is an inflammation?
Is a physiological response to a variety of stimuli e.g infection
what is an acute inflammation accompanied by?
a systemic reaction
what is an acute phase response?
Characterised by a rapid change in levels of many plasma proteins
what causes chronic inflammation?
when acute phase response prolonges
why is in inflammation necessary?
because many soluble factors and cells distributed in circulation need to get these to site of damage or infection
what causes acute inflammation?
may be due to physical damage, chemical substances, micro-organisms or other agents.
what does inflammatory response consist off?
changes in blood flow
increased permeability of blood vessles
escape of cells from the blood into the tissues
what are the phases of wound healing?
heamostasis
inflammation
proliferation
remodelling
what is the most common cause of inflammation?
microbial infection
what do some organsims cause?
immunologically-mediated inflammation through hypersensitivity reactions
what causes hypersensistivity reaction?
An altered state of immunological responsiveness leads to an excessive or inappropriate immune reaction, causing tissue damage. Examples include reactions to parasitic infections and Lyme disease.
what is a cause of acute inflmation tissue damage:
Tissue Damage leads to damage leading to inflammation may occur through:
physical trauma
ultraviolet (or other ionising radiation)
what is a cause of acute inflammation
corrosive chemicals: acids / alkalis
- oxidising agents provoke inflammation through gross tissue damage
I
nfecting agents may release specific chemical irritants which lead to inflammation
tissue necrosis?
Death of tissues (necrosis) from lack of oxygen/nutrients resulting from inadequate blood flow is a potent inflammatory stimulus
what is the 4 clinical aspects of acute inflammation?
redness
swelling
heat
pain
clincal asepct 1 : redness
increased blood flow to the affected area causes redness due to dilated blood vessels.
clinical aspect 2: swelling
Accumulation of fluid and immune cells leads to swelling at the site of inflammation.
clincal aspect 3: heat
Increased blood flow also results in elevated temperature in the inflamed area.
clinical aspect 4: pain
The release of inflammatory mediators and the activation of nerve endings contribute to pain at the inflamed site.
what are the Beneficial effects of the fluid exudate are as follows:
dilution of toxins
entry of antiobodies
drug transport
how is dilutions of toxins a benefical effects of the fluid exudate?
bacteria - allows toxins to be carried away by lymphatics
how is entry of antibodies a benefical effects of the fluid exudate?
increased vascular permeability allows antibodies to enter the extravascular space, where they may lead to lysis or phagocytosis
how is drug transports a benefical effect of the fluid exudate?
fluid carries therapeutic drugs such as antibiotics to the site where bacteria are multiplying
Fibrin formation
fibrin formation may impede the movement of micro-organisms, trapping them and so facilitating phagocytosis
Delivery of nutrients and oxygen
delivery of nutrients and oxygen, essential for cells is aided by increased fluid flow through the area
Stimulation of immune response
the drainage of this fluid exudate into the lymphatics allows particulate and soluble antigens to reach the local lymph nodes
