inflammation

Question 1

what is an inflammation?

Answer 1

Is a physiological response to a variety of stimuli e.g infection

Question 2

what is an acute inflammation accompanied by?

Answer 2

a systemic reaction

Question 3

what is an acute phase response?

Answer 3

Characterised by a rapid change in levels of many plasma proteins

Question 4

what causes chronic inflammation?

Answer 4

when acute phase response prolonges

Question 5

why is in inflammation necessary?

Answer 5

because many soluble factors and cells distributed in circulation need to get these to site of damage or infection

Question 6

what causes acute inflammation?

Answer 6

may be due to physical damage, chemical substances, micro-organisms or other agents.

Question 7

what does inflammatory response consist off?

Answer 7

changes in blood flow
increased permeability of blood vessles
escape of cells from the blood into the tissues

Question 8

what are the phases of wound healing?

Answer 8

heamostasis
inflammation
proliferation
remodelling

Question 9

what is the most common cause of inflammation?

Answer 9

microbial infection

Question 10

what do some organsims cause?

Answer 10

immunologically-mediated inflammation through hypersensitivity reactions

Question 11

what causes hypersensistivity reaction?

Answer 11

An altered state of immunological responsiveness leads to an excessive or inappropriate immune reaction, causing tissue damage. Examples include reactions to parasitic infections and Lyme disease.

Question 12

what is a cause of acute inflmation tissue damage:

Answer 12

Tissue Damage leads to damage leading to inflammation may occur through:

physical trauma
ultraviolet (or other ionising radiation)

Question 13

what is a cause of acute inflammation

Answer 13

corrosive chemicals: acids / alkalis
- oxidising agents provoke inflammation through gross tissue damage
I
nfecting agents may release specific chemical irritants which lead to inflammation

Question 14

tissue necrosis?

Answer 14

Death of tissues (necrosis) from lack of oxygen/nutrients resulting from inadequate blood flow is a potent inflammatory stimulus

Question 15

what is the 4 clinical aspects of acute inflammation?

Answer 15

redness
swelling
heat
pain

Question 16

clincal asepct 1 : redness

Answer 16

increased blood flow to the affected area causes redness due to dilated blood vessels.

Question 17

clinical aspect 2: swelling

Answer 17

Accumulation of fluid and immune cells leads to swelling at the site of inflammation.

Question 18

clincal aspect 3: heat

Answer 18

Increased blood flow also results in elevated temperature in the inflamed area.

Question 19

clinical aspect 4: pain

Answer 19

The release of inflammatory mediators and the activation of nerve endings contribute to pain at the inflamed site.

Question 20

what are the Beneficial effects of the fluid exudate are as follows:

Answer 20

dilution of toxins
entry of antiobodies
drug transport

Question 21

how is dilutions of toxins a benefical effects of the fluid exudate?

Answer 21

bacteria - allows toxins to be carried away by lymphatics

Question 22

how is entry of antibodies a benefical effects of the fluid exudate?

Answer 22

increased vascular permeability allows antibodies to enter the extravascular space, where they may lead to lysis or phagocytosis

Question 23

how is drug transports a benefical effect of the fluid exudate?

Answer 23

fluid carries therapeutic drugs such as antibiotics to the site where bacteria are multiplying

Question 24

Fibrin formation

Answer 24

fibrin formation may impede the movement of micro-organisms, trapping them and so facilitating phagocytosis

Question 24

Delivery of nutrients and oxygen

Answer 24

delivery of nutrients and oxygen, essential for cells is aided by increased fluid flow through the area

Question 25

Stimulation of immune response

Answer 25

the drainage of this fluid exudate into the lymphatics allows particulate and soluble antigens to reach the local lymph nodes