humoral immunuty

Question 1

what are the 3 effecor cells

Answer 1

plasma cells
t helper cell
t cytotoxic cells

Question 2

how are antibodies released

Answer 2

released by plasma cells and they can identify and neaturlsie forgein substances

Question 3

what can each antibody do?

Answer 3

recognise a specific antigen

Question 4

where do b cells originate?

Answer 4

bone marrow (BM) (f my baby dad)

Question 5

outline the steps of the matuearion of b lymphocytes

Answer 5

b progenitor cell (bone marrow)

immature b cell

circulation

peropheral lymphoid organs

mature b cells

Question 6

what is central tolerance

Answer 6

helps prevent the immune system from attacking the body’s own tissues.

Question 7

what are the 2 things that part of central tolerance

Answer 7

apoptosis
recpetor editing

Question 8

what are the perpheial organs

Answer 8

spleen and lymph node

Question 9

what does central and peripheral aim?

Answer 9

prevent autoimmune reactions mediated by chronic inflammation.

Question 10

which receptor is repsonsible for antigen recongnition?

Answer 10

b cell

Question 11

what is a b cell receptor composed off?

Answer 11

immunoglobulin molecules IgM and IgD

Question 12

what is b cell also known as?

Answer 12

transmembrane receptors

Question 13

binding of what causes BCR activiation

Answer 13

binding of antigen to the BCR triggers the activation process

Question 14

what do BCR and antibodies specfically recongise?

Answer 14

specific epitoopes on foreign targets

Question 15

what is an epitope?

Answer 15

part of an antigen that is recongised by antibodies and b cells

Question 16

antibodies and epitoopes

Answer 16

Antibodies that can bind to specific surface epitopes on the pathogen and prevent the it from interacting with host cells

this prevents infection of host cells

Question 17

b cells receptors summarised?

Answer 17

B cells use surface bound antibodies as receptors for antigen

Targets extracellular antigens

BCRs bind intact antigens

Identify linear & conformational epitopes

Question 18

t cell receptors summarised?

Answer 18

T cells have dedicated transmembrane receptors

T cells have one antigen recognition site

Antigen recognition is MHC dependent

Identify linear peptides

Question 19

t indepedant activation?

Answer 19

initiated by T- independent antigens e.g. microbial polysaccharides, lipids

result in short lived plasma cells secreting IgMt

Question 20

T - dependent activation

Answer 20

initiated by T dependent antigens e.g. microbial proteins

result in long-lived plasma cells secreting high affinity IgG/ IgA/IgE

Question 21

simmarise t indepedant activation?

Answer 21

B lymphocyte activation
Clonal expansion/proliferation
Differentiation
Plasma cells

Question 22

what is class switching?

Answer 22

Occurs by changing the constant regions of the heavy chains

the specificity of the Igs remains the same

Question 23

Role of the Fc region on Igs

Answer 23

Fc portion of Igs bind to Fc receptors found on immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells

Question 24

Polyclonal antibodies

Answer 24

Immunochemically dissimilar antibodies that react with different epitopes of an antigen

Question 25

monoclonal antibodies

Answer 25

Immunochemically identical antibodies that react with the same epitope of an antigen

Question 26

can monoclonal antobodies be artifcally geneated

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

summarise celluar immuniuty

Answer 27

can recognise only protein antigens presented as small peptides

recognises antigens presented by APCs with MHC-I/MHC-II molecules

targets intracellular bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa

Question 28

summarise hunoral immunity?

Answer 28

can recognise protein, polysaccharide, phospholipid, nucleic acid antigens

can act against soluble or free intact antigens

targets extracellular bacteria, viruses and toxins