natural defences of the body- physical barriers

Question 1

what cells are involved in innate immunity (rapid response)

Answer 1

dendritic cell
mast cell
basophill
neutrophill

Question 2

what cells are involved with adapative immunity?

Answer 2

b cell
t cell

Question 3

what are some pyshical defenses of the body?

Answer 3

skin
mucous
cilia
stomach acid
blood brain barrier
tight junctions

Question 4

what are some chemical defenses of the body?

Answer 4

acidic ph
lysozomes
histamine
cytokines

Question 5

mechanical barriers?

Answer 5

Skin and mucous membranes can be considered as the first line of defence in innate immunity

Question 6

what type of barrier is skin?

Answer 6

skin

Question 7

is a skin an effective barrier?

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

why is skin a very good barrier

Answer 8

has a dry keratinous outer layer with a high salt content -hostile environment for microbes

Question 9

summarise the adaptive features of the muscoal tissues.

Answer 9

The structural integrity of tissue surfaces—barrier to penetration by microbes.

Intact surfaces prevent potential pathogens from adhering to surfaces

Growing at these sites such that they do not travel elsewhere in the Body—COLONIZATION.

Question 10

why are damaged surfaces on muscousal tissues bad?

Answer 10

abraded skin are often readily colonised promoting invasion of this and other tissues

Question 11

what are Sebaceous glands

Answer 11

secrete Fatty acids and lactic acid Which lower the skin pH (pH 4-6)

Question 12

is it true the skin has a low moisture content?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

how does the skin inhibit growth on its surface?

Answer 13

They secrete antimicrobials
Good at obtaining nutrients
Alter environmental conditions, e.g. pH

Question 14

in what ways are the mucosal membranes adapted to their function?

Answer 14

Ciliated epithelial cells lining the trachea remove microbes inhaled through the nose and mouth.

Mucus secreted by these cells prevent the microbes from associating too closely with the cells

Cilia push microbes upwards until they are caught in oral secretions and expectorated or swallowed

Question 15

what is the gi tract covered in

Answer 15

mucous membranes.

Question 16

what is the function of mucous membranes?

Answer 16

stops adhesion to epithelial cells and contains biocidal compounds

Question 17

what is peristalsis?

Answer 17

performs role of cilia in ejecting microbes and not allowing time for adhesion to surfaces

Question 18

what happens when the movment of cilia is affected?

Answer 18

infection risk increased e.g. smoking, Cystic Fibrosis

Question 19

biocidal properties?

Answer 19

Sweat and sebum have biocidal properties, sweat contains lactic acid, uric acid, caproic acid, fatty acids, pH 5.5.

Sebum (sebaceous glands secrete the oily, waxy substance) contains triglycerides, fatty acids and wax alcohols – fungicidal

Question 20

what is good about body fluids?

Answer 20

contain bacteriocidal substances

Question 21

an example of a body fluid that i helpful

Answer 21

Lysozyme- found in most body fluids, tears, mucus etc. acts on cell wall of gram positive bacteria leading to lysis.

Question 22

what is Lactoferrin

Answer 22

abundant molecule if human secretions binds iron and deprives bacteria of this element

Question 23

what does blood proteins do?

Answer 23

inhibit micrbial growth