Chemical Mediators of the immune system

Question 1

whata are the phases of wound healing

Answer 1

haemotosis
inflammation
proliferation
remodelling

Question 2

what are some side effects of acute inflammation?

Answer 2

redness
heat
pain
swelling

Question 3

what are some benefits of acute inflammation?

Answer 3

dilution
entry of antibodies
drug transport
fibrin transport
delivery of nutrients and oxygen
stimulation of immune response

Question 4

how is dilution of toxins a benefit of acute inflammation?

Answer 4

i.e bacteria - allows toxins to be carried away by lymphatics

Question 5

how is entry of antibodies a benefit of acute inflammaion?

Answer 5

increased vascular permeability allows antibodies to enter the extravascular space, where they may lead to lysis or phagocytosis

Antibodies are also important in neutralisation of toxin.

Question 6

how is drug transport a benefit of acute inflammation?

Answer 6

fluid carries therapeutic drugs such as antibiotics to the site where bacteria are multiplying

Question 7

how is fibrin transport a benefit of acute inflammation?

Answer 7

fibrin formation may impede the movement of micro-organisms, trapping them and so facilitating phagocytosis

Question 8

how is delivery of nutruents a benefit of acute inflammation?

Answer 8

delivery of nutrients and oxygen, essential for cells is aided by increased fluid flow through the area.

Question 9

what is compartment syndrome?

Answer 9

Occurs when excessive pressure builds up inside an enclosed muscle space in the body

Question 10

what causes compartment syndrome?

Answer 10

bleeding or swelling after an injury.

Question 11

why is compartment syndrome so bad?

Answer 11

The dangerously high pressure in compartment syndrome impedes the flow ofbloodto and from the affected tissues

Question 12

why does the compartment pressure rise?

Answer 12

after an injury blood (fluid resulting from inflammation or injury) may accumulate in the compartment. the walls of the fascia cannot expand therfore the pressure rises . which prevents enough blood to flow to the tissues inside the compartment

Question 13

what is the end result of compartmemnt syndrome?

Answer 13

SEVERE tissue damage can result.

Question 14

where are you most likely to develop compartment syndrome?

Answer 14

The legs, arms, andabdomen

Question 15

what are cytyokines?

Answer 15

small proteins or peptides that serve as signaling molecules in the immune system

Question 16

what do cytokines have?

Answer 16

High affinity for cells receptors

Question 17

autocrine cytokines?

Answer 17

Affects the generating cell (self)

Question 18

paracrine cytokines

Answer 18

Affects cells in the immediate vicinity

Question 19

endorcrine cytokines?

Answer 19

Affects cells remote from the secreting cell

Question 20

what is an example of cytokine related disease?

Answer 20

bacterial septic shock

Question 21

what are some functions of cytokines?

Answer 21

Inflammation
Hematopoiesis
Antiviral Defense

Question 22

what is sepsis

Answer 22

person is attacked by by agressive

infection triggers a mix of:

pro- inflammatory responses
anti inflammatory responses

Question 23

what causes sepsis?

Answer 23

Sepsis happens when there is too much pro-inflammatory responses

Question 24

what is sympton of sepsis?

Answer 24

Severe breathlessness

Question 25

what are some causes of sepsis?

Answer 25

had lung infection
had skin infection
had UTI

Question 26

what is the order of events in sepsis?

Answer 26

micoribal infection
hyper inflammatory
cytokine storm ( too many cytokines)
death of immune cells (hypo inflammation)

Question 27

what are the main players in sepsis?

Answer 27

microbes
nervous system
adpative IS
cell death
innate IS

Question 28

what is the role of interferons?

Answer 28

group of signaling proteins that play a crucial role in the immune system’s response to viral infections

Question 29

what is the function of interferons?

Answer 29

Interferons fight infectious disease
Increase the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes.
Inhibits the replication of intracellular pathogens.

Question 30

what are the 3 main type of interferons?

Answer 30

alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ).

Question 31

what do interferons also monitor?

Answer 31

regulate tumour growth