Systems Histology

Question 1

What are the four main functions of the renal system?

Answer 1

1. elimination of wastes
2. regulation of water balance
3. filter/cleanse blood
4. regulate chemical composition of blood

Question 2

renal pyramids are made up of what parts?

Answer 2

renal cortex: which contains filtration units (glomeruli) and drains filtrate into second part of pyramid (medulla) which drains into renal papilla (third part of renal pyramid) then minor caylx then major caylx then into ureter (which takes urine to bladder, urine then leaves body through urethra).

Question 3

blood enters the kidney through which artery?

Answer 3

renal artery which further branches into interlobar arteries which feeds into interlobular arteries which go to afferent arterioles and supply glomeruli (in renal pyramids)

Question 4

what surrounds the kidneys?

Answer 4

renal capsule (made up of collagenous connective tissue)

Question 5

the capillaries in the kidneys are what type?

Answer 5

fenestrated

Question 6

the capillary tuft or glomeruli is located between what?

Answer 6

afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole therefore it is a portal system. (capillary between two arterioles)

Question 7

what type of tissue surrounds the outer layer of bowmans capsule? once inner layer is formed what cells surround this inner layer?

Answer 7

simple squamous epithelium.

podicytes

Question 8

what is the functional unit of the kidneys?

Answer 8

nephron

Question 9

in the glomerulus, it receives blood from? blood leaves by? filtration occurs where?

Answer 9

receives from afferent arterioles
leaves by efferent
filtration occurs in bowmans capsule

Question 10

the macula dense of the distal tubule contains what kind of tissue surrounding it?

Answer 10

cuboid/columnar cells which are sensors for salt regulation

Question 11

what cells form inner bowmans space (or urinary space)? outer bowmans?

Answer 11

podicytes

simple squamous epithelium.

Question 12

in the juxtaglomerular complex (next to glomerulus) we have what type of cells?

Answer 12

juxtaglomerular cells (located in wall of afferent arteriole, modified smooth muscle cells, sense blood pressure, regulates relases of renin, low BP release of renin)
extra (between macula densa and afferent/efferent arterioles) and intraglomerular cells act as macrophages also secrete signal molecules and the intras (in bowmans) synthesize matrix.

Question 13

proximal convoluted tubule is closest to which pole? what type of cells line the tubule at the beginning, just leaving bowmans?

Answer 13

urinary
simple cuboid (extensive microvilli at apical)

Question 14

the thin part of ascending loop has what type of tissue? as it ascends and becomes thicker?

Answer 14

simple squamous

larger cuboid but NOT any microvilli (like the proximal convoluted tubule)

Question 15

macula densa is part of which tubule?

Answer 15

distal tubule

Question 16

podicytes located where? they wrap around? what do the feet form?

Answer 16

bowmans capsule (inner layer) end feet wrap around capillaries. filtration slits.

Question 17

collecting duct has what type of cells lining it?

Answer 17

same as all other ducts, starts as small (centraacinar-> simple squamous-> cuboid->columnar->stratified cuboid/columnar)

Question 18

what type of tissue does the bladder have?

Answer 18

transitional epithelium (therefore found in both ureter and urethra)

Question 19

nasal mucosa has what type of tissue?

Answer 19

pseudostratified columnar ciliated.

Question 20

conducting zone (NO GAS EXCHANGE HERE) is made up of what?

Answer 20

trachea (has rings of hyaline cartilage), bronchial tree, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Question 21

respiratory zone is made up of?

Answer 21

respiratory bronchioles-> alveolar sacs (gas exchange takes place here)

Question 22

what are the four layers of the trachea?

Answer 22

1. mucosa (pseudostratified columnar ciliated)
2. submucosa (dense CT with glands)
3. Cartilage (hyaline, smooth muscle on rings for contraction)
4. adventia (loose CT)

Question 23

what three unique things are found in the mucosa layer of trachea?

Answer 23

microvilli at apical, cilia, and goblet cells.

Question 24

terminal bronchioles have what type of tissue? what type of cells which do what?

Answer 24

simple cuboidal

clara cells which synthesize and secrete surfactant, dome shaped, non ciliated

Question 25

alveolus has what three types of cells?

Answer 25

type 1 pneumocyte: thin squamous, 95%
type 11 pneumocyte: cuboid, 5% secretes surfactant which reduces surface tension
dust cells: acts as macros

Question 26

alveoli are right next to capillaries (they are embedded in alveolus) and thus the two basement membranes fuse, what two cell layers are these? what moves out across the fused BMs? moves in?

Answer 26

endothelium of capillary and simple squamous of aveolar.

CO2 moving in, O2 out into RBC (binds to Hb)

Question 27

emphysema, 90% is due to? what is the problem with this disease?

Answer 27

90% due to smoking.
loss of elasticity of tissues, enlargement of alveolar air spaces, no problem getting O2 into lungs but has trouble getting O2 out of alveolus into RBCs.