Liver and Gallbladder

Question 1

what is the main cell type in the liver (2nd largest organ in body)?

Answer 1

hepatocytes (arranged in lobules)

Question 2

portal triad is made up of what and is located where in hepatocytes?

Answer 2

bile ductule, portal vein and hepatic artery. all three are located at each apex of the lobule (hexagonal shape)

Question 3

which way does blood flow in hepatocytes? bile?

Answer 3

blood flows from periphery to center where as bile flows center to periphery

Question 4

hepatic artery in portal triad combines with blood from what?

Answer 4

portal vein (also in portal triad)

Question 5

capillaries in hepatocytes are of what type?

Answer 5

fenestrated

Question 6

central vein is located where in hepatocyte? what does it drain to?

Answer 6

center of lobule, drains to sublobular vein

Question 7

blood supply to the hepatocytes come from what two sources?

Answer 7

80% from portal vein (from intestine, located bw capillary beds of gut and liver, carries nutrients)
20% from hepatic artery (O2 rich)

Question 8

bile canaliculi are lined with what type of cells? what goes through here?

Answer 8

hepatocytes
bile is secreted into these canaliculi and then travel to the periphery in these canaliculi where they are secreted into the bile duct.

Question 9

hepatocytes can store what?

Answer 9

glycogen

Question 10

what lines the sinusoids?

Answer 10

endothelium (simple squamous epithelium, the case for all capillary systems)

Question 11

what types of cells are located in the sinusoids? what do they act as? what types of cells are in space of disse? what do they store? where is space of disse located?

Answer 11

kupffer cells act as macrophages
Ito cells are fat storing cells
space of disse is space between hepatocytes and sinusoid

Question 12

around how many mitochondria are present in a hepatocyte?

Answer 12

2000/cell

Question 13

on the basolateral domain of hepatocyte what do we have? apical domain?

Answer 13

microvilli

bile pole

Question 14

RER in hepatocytes is involved in production of what type of cells? SER?

Answer 14

plasma proteins

deoxtification of toxins and drugs (ONLY occurs in liver cells)

Question 15

the bile canaliculi are delimited by?

Answer 15

plasma membrane

Question 16

bile ducts are lined with what type of epithelium?

Answer 16

simple cuboid epithelium

Question 17

bile and hepatic ducts are lined with what type of epithelium and become what as they enlarge?

Answer 17

simple cuboid epithelium and become columnar as they enlarge.

Question 18

what apical specialization structure is present in bile canaliculi?

Answer 18

microvilli

Question 19

blood moves through the endothelium into the space of disse which cells are the first to respond? what cells are located more centrally?

Answer 19

perilobular (more toward periphery, they store glycogen)

centrolobular

Question 20

small arteries are lined by what?

Answer 20

smooth muscle (larger ones lined by collagen and elastic tissue)

Question 21

what do ITO cells do that have to do with the eye?

Answer 21

involved in retinoid synthesis

Question 22

sinusoids all feed into what main thing?

Answer 22

central vein

Question 23

what enzyme is present in the liver that oxidizes alcohol?

Answer 23

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 24

what are the stages of alcoholism?

Answer 24

1. fatty liver (reversible)
2. steatohepatitis (pathological fatty liver): only difference here is that fatty liver is accompanied by inflammation
3. cirrhosis: collagen proliferation in space of disse therefore blocking nutrient flow to hepatocytes
4. hepatocellular carcinoma (tumors of liver)

Question 25

name for alcoholic fatty liver?

Answer 25

steatosis: accummulation of fat in hepatocytes

Question 26

main function of gallbladder?

Answer 26

stores, concentrates and releases bile

Question 27

what is the sphincter called in the gallbladder that allows opening?

Answer 27

valve of heister

Question 28

what lines the lumen of gallbladder?

Answer 28

mucosa (columnar cells with microvilli and branching folds)

Question 29

what is located beneath the mucosa layer of gallbladder?

Answer 29

muscularis (smooth muscle, moves bile to cyctic duct during contraction)

Question 30

what is located beneath muscularis layer of gallbladder?

Answer 30

adventia or serosa layer: continuous with mesothelium which lines the liver, loose CT

Question 31

what is the purpose of the microvilli on the mucosa layer in gallbladder?

Answer 31

to absorb the water from the bile to concentrate it before going to duodenum

Question 32

what are gallstones?

Answer 32

accumulation of calcified stone, varying in size.