Cellular Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Gibbs free energy?

A

difference in energy between subtrates and products

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2
Q

energy is in what two forms?

A

heat and randomness

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3
Q

List chemical interactions from weakest to strongest

A

van der wals-> H bonds-> ionic bonds-> covalent

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4
Q

all energy from our planet comes from what two sources?

A

sun and geothermal

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5
Q

products of glycolysis? where does it take place? aerobic or anaerobic?

A

for every glucose molecule, 2ATP, 2NADH and 2Pyruvate. takes place in cyotplasm and is anaerobic.

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6
Q

biggest inhibition (regulation) of glycolysis pathway occurs at what step? what regulates it?

A

fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. ATP regulates this, if theres an increase in ATP glycolysis stops allosteric regulation.

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7
Q

what two organelles in our body use O2?

A

mitochondria and peroxizomes.

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8
Q

What do mitochondria do in terms of beta oxidation?

A

break down short chain (20C or less) FA to FADH2, NADH and acetyl coA.

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9
Q

What do peroxizomes do in terms of beta oxidation?

A

break down long chain FA to short chain (12-14C) and makes acetly coA which then goes to the mito to be finally catobolized.

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10
Q

we make fats how many C’s at a time?

A

2C

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11
Q

Electron transport system occurs where? F1 complex is what kind of pump? What is the pathway of energy in this system? aerobic or anaerobic?

A

inner membrane of mito
ATP-proton pump.
Chemical (in electron form)-> stored kinetic->mechianical->back to chemical (via turbine)
aerobic

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12
Q

which tissue has the highest E use in the body?

A

Retina

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13
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate broken down from glycogen can go to where?

A

muscle/brain, liver or pentose phosphate pathway (creates ribose and NADPH which neturalizes free radicals)

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14
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway had the highest activity where?

A

in the eyes, many free radicals in eyes due to UV light.

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15
Q

Which areas are fed by aqeous humor? what does this mean?

A

posterior cornea, lens, trabecular meshwork. therefore all are anaerobic because aqeous humor has very little oxygen (therefore less chance of free radicals).

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16
Q

two major circulatory systems in the retina are?

A

coroidal: feeds the highest E portion of retina, highest blood flow
Retinal: normal blood flow

17
Q

the most anaerobic tissue in the body is?

A

lens

18
Q

majority of energy sources go to what pathway?

A

glycolysis

19
Q

does any tissue make free radicals?

A

macrophages make them to kill bacteria when engulfed.

20
Q

what vitamin is highest in aqeous humor?

A

Ascorbic acid

21
Q

Sorbitol builds up in which disease? causes what? therefore causes what to the lens?

A

diabetes. causes swelling therefore lens becomes more curved increasing dioptic power therefore myopic shift focusing light closer.

22
Q

Peroxide is what?

A

a free radical

23
Q

the highest concentration of unsaturated lipids in the body are where? therefore forms the most what?

A

Retina

free radicals

24
Q

Cones and rods are constantly regrowing how are the old ones removed? since outer segments are renewed of retina, are the inner segments?

A

eaten up by RPE cells.

NO