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TERM 2 > Systems > Flashcards

Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is essential to immunity?

A

The capacity to recognize foreign invaders (non-self)

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2
Q

What problems arise with recognizing foreign invaders?

A

When the bodies response to a foreign invader is to excessive or when your own healthy tissue is perceived as foreign or dangerous

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3
Q

When the bodies response to a foreign invader is to excessive its usually due to?

A

Allergies

Hypersensitivity

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4
Q

when your own healthy tissue is perceived as foreign or dangerous it can be due to an?

A

Autoimmunity

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5
Q

What is a microbe?

A

Bacteria, Viruses

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6
Q

What is an antimicrobial substance?

A

It tends to kill or damage microbes - eg lysosomal enzymes released by immune cells

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7
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Large molecules (usually proteins or polysaccharides that elicit specific responses from hosts)

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8
Q

What is an epitope?

A

A specific discrete component of an antigen that attract immune response

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9
Q

What are the two responses of the immune system?

A

Innate and Adaptive

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10
Q

Define an innate immune response?

A

A general response. It is the first line of defense. We are born with it.

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11
Q

What are some examples of innate immune response?

A

Skin/ Mucous Membrane
Inflammation/ Fever
Stimulates adaptive responses

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12
Q

What is an example of first line defense?

A

Skin Mucous membrane

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13
Q

What is an example of a second line of defense?

A

Antimicrobial substances, and natural killer cells and phagocytes,

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14
Q

What are the primary cells for adaptive immunity?

A

B lymphocytes

T Lymphocytes

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15
Q

What are accessory cells?

A

They are phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils) that kill or break apart an invader.

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16
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Presents antigens/ epitopes to killers

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17
Q

What humoral immunity?

A

In blood and lymph there are a high number of immune cells and other immune materials.

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18
Q

How are B Cells a key player in humoral immunity?

A

Great at recognizing microbes and antigens

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19
Q

What happens when a b cell is activated?

A

It selects the type of clone needed.

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20
Q

What is a b cell called when it reaches full maturation?

A

Plasma cell

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21
Q

What do antibodies bind to and what happens when this happens?

A

Bind to epitopes and either kill/neutralize the invader, or present them to t cells or macrophages

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22
Q

Can some B cells become memory cells?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What are memory cells and what do they do?

A

They stay in the body to respond quickly if a secondary exposure to the same antigen occurs

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24
Q

What are the five types of antibodies?

A 
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE
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25
Q

What antibody makes up 70 to 80% of all antibodies in the body?

A

IgG

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26
Q

What is the only type of antibody that crosses the placenta?

A

IgG

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27
Q

Where does IgG diffuse from in the body?

A

Diffuses readily out of the vascular zone into the tissues

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28
Q

What are the actions of IgG?

A

Antiviral, antitoxin, antibacterial actions

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29
Q

What antibody activates killer cells?

A

IgG

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30
Q

What antibody activates the compliment system?

A

IgG

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31
Q

Which antibody is predominantly found in saliva, tears, nasal and respiratory secretions?

A

IgA

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32
Q

What antibody is found in breast milk?

A

IgA

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33
Q

What does the antibody IgA block entry to?

A

Blocks entry of organisms to the eyes, gut, respiratory and urinary tracts

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34
Q

What antibody remains within blood and lymph?

A

IgM

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35
Q

What antibody is considered an early responder?

A

IgM

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36
Q

What is the first Ig formed after immunization?

A

IgM

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37
Q

What antibody forms natural ABO blood antibodies?

A

IgM

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38
Q

What antibody is needed for t cell maturation?

A

IgD

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39
Q

What antibody is found in tiny amounts in plasma?

A

IgE

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40
Q

What antibody binds to mast cells and liberates histamine and other inflammatory responses?

A

IgE

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41
Q

Which Antibody attracts eosinophils?

A

IgE

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42
Q

Antibody is related to the allergic/ hypersensivity reaction connected with asthma?

A

IgE

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43
Q

Can you have a genectic predisposition to producing excess IgE?

A

Yes

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44
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

A

These are cells that bind to and/or breakdown antigens. They present epitopes on their surfaces, or alter the antigen to make it more recognizable.

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45
Q

What are some examples of an antigen presenting cell?

A

B Cells, Macrophages, and dendritic cells all act as presenting cells.

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46
Q

What cells do antigen presenting cells present to?

A

T cells and sometimes phagocytizing cells

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47
Q

What are t cells responsible for?

A

cell mediated or cellular immunity

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48
Q

The secretion compounds of a t cell that communicate with immune system cells do what?

A
  • attract cells
  • prevent cells from leaving the area
  • amplify effectiveness of cells
  • increase or decrease cell reactions
  • activate and regulate b cells
  • signal natural killer cells
  • increase local blood flow to facilitate immune cell movement
  • determine if humoral or cellular immunity is needed
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49
Q

What cells help kill tumor cells?

A

T cells

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50
Q

What cells responsible for the control of intracellular (viral) infections and rejecting of foreign tissue grafts?

A

T cells

51
Q

What activates a allergen response in an IgE antibody?

A

T cELL

52
Q

What cell is involved in deciphering what is self vs non self?

A

T cELL

53
Q

What are the three types of T cells?

A

T Helpers
Regulatory T Cells
T-Cytotoxic

54
Q

What is the key regulatory cell of the immune system?

A

T Helpers

55
Q

What cells suppress/ modify immune responses?

A

Regulatory T Cells

56
Q

What cell helps ensure the responses matches the situation and that healthy self cells are not killed?

A

Regulatory T Cells

57
Q

What T cell destroys and identifies / presented antigens?

A

T-Cytotoxic

58
Q

What T cell is involved in attacking cellular problems that antibodies cannot influence?

A

T-Cytotoxic

59
Q

What is the Major Histocompatibility complex?

A

Group of genes on chromosome 6 that determine tissue and blood compatibility

60
Q

What is the Major Histocompatibility complex known as in humans?

A

Human Leukocyte antigens

61
Q

What are the two classes of Human Leukocyte antigens?

A

Class 1 are on all cell surfaces

Class 2 are on immune system cells

62
Q

How does Human Leukocyte antigen effect t cells?

A

They lead T Cells to attacking or ignoring an antigen.

63
Q

What are some causes of autoimmunity?

A
  • Some HLA activate autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or can be triggered by an implant
  • Over response of immune activities
  • reduced t-cell suppressor response
  • the body tissue being attacked may have similar characteristics to a microbe the body has just battled
64
Q

How does the auto immunity response develop into things such as Rheumatoid arthritis or lupus?

A

Auto immunity involves the production of auto antibodies that bind with self molecules to create immune complexes.
These immune complexes subject them to intense tissue destruction from immune system responses and their sequelae.

65
Q

How is that self cells can be marked as dangerous?

A

Since some cells get infected and targeted for destruction sometimes the body can misidentify self cell for being dangerous

66
Q

What does immune complexes attract?

A

inflammatory and cytotoxic reactions ie rheumatoid arthritis

67
Q

What does hypersensitivity disorders involve?

A

refers to excessive or inappropriate activation of the immune of exogenous and endogenous antigens that produce inflammation and cause tissue damage.

68
Q

What antigen activates a type 1 hypersensitivity disorder or immediate hypersensitivity?

A

IgE

69
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity disorder is often referred to as?

A

Allergic reactions

70
Q

When an allergic response is life threatening it is known as?

A

anaphylaxis

71
Q

If the allergic reaction is local what is it known as?

A

Atopic

72
Q

What are the 5 Atopic reactions?

A
  1. Allergic Rhinitis
  2. Asthma
  3. Urticaria (hives)
  4. Angioedema
  5. Gastrointestinal food allergies
73
Q

What is allergic rhinitis?

A

Itchy runny inflamed nose

74
Q

What is angioedema?

A

Generalized edema of the skin, lips, face, tongue or pharynx

75
Q

What antigens mediate Type 2- Antibody mediated hypersensitivity?

A

IgM or IgG

76
Q

How can type two hypersensitivity disorder be characterized?

A

formation of antibodies directed against blood cells, and their destruction.

77
Q

What are four reactions of type 2 Antibody mediated hypersensitivity?

A
  1. Erythroblastosis fetalis
  2. Blood transfusion reactions
  3. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
  4. Autoimmune thrombocytopenia
78
Q

Which type 2 mediated hypersensitivity response occurs when the mothers Rh- and fetus is RH+?

A

Erythrolblastosis fetalis

79
Q

What is Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia?

A

When antibodies produced by patients own body are responsible for the hemolysis of erythrocytes

80
Q

What Type 2 responses can be treated with corticosteroids and splenectomy? autoimmune hemolytic anemia treated?

A

autoimmune hemolytic anemia/ Autoimmune thrombocytopenia

81
Q

What happens in an autoimmune thrombocytopenia?

A

Antibodies directed against killing platelets are developed. some signs: small hemorrhages, purpora (bruising), and mucosal bleeding

82
Q

Type 3 Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity involve what antigens?

A

IgM / IgG

83
Q

What are three response of type 3 immune complex hypersensitivity?

A
  1. Serum sickness
  2. Glomerulonephritis
  3. Polyarteritis nodosa
84
Q

What is Glomerulonephritis?

A

an acute streptococcal infection responsible for the formation of antibodies

85
Q

What is Polyarteritis nodosa?

A

a disease characterized by the inflammation and necrosis of medium sized arteries with secondary ischemia of the tissues supplied by the affected blood vessels

86
Q

What mediates type 4 delayed or cell mediated hypersensitivity?

A

T lymphocytes

87
Q

What are the 2 types of type 4 delayed or cell mediated hypersensitivity?

A
  1. Contact Dermatitis

2. Graft rejection

88
Q

Define what a microbe or microorganism is?

A

Organism so small they are invisible to the eye and can only be seem with a microscope. Can be pathogens or non-pathogens

89
Q

What does Virulence mean?

A

The disease producing potential of an invading organism

90
Q

What is microflora?

A

a Multitude of non harmful bacteria inhabiting the internal and external exposed surfaces of the human body

91
Q

What is a Saprophyte?

A

Free living organisms that obtain nutrition from dead or decaying organic materials in the environment

92
Q

What is Commensalism?

A

page 2

93
Q

bacteria that lives in the intestines and feeds off of undigested food also produce vitamins beneficial to humans this sort of relationship is known as?

A

Mutualism

94
Q

What does parastitic mean?

A

Bacteria have a great time but host remains sick

95
Q

What are prions?

A

page 3

96
Q

Which organisms combine the characteristics of viruses and bacteria?

A

Ricksettsia, Chlamydia, coxiella, mycoplasma

97
Q

What is Ricksettsia, Chlamydia, coxiella, mycoplasma

A

Page 4

98
Q

What fungi is known as being opportunistic in immunosuppressed patients, can cause infection in the oral cavity/ vagina and can harmlessly on skin?

A

Candida

99
Q

What are the two types of fungi?

A

Yeasts and Molds

100
Q

Describe yeast and mold?

A

page 5

101
Q

How do yeasts and molds protect themselves from anti biotics?

A

Rigid cell wall that is chemically unrelated to the peptidoglycan of bacteria

102
Q

What are some types of parasites?

A

Page 5

103
Q

What are some sources of infection?

A

Page 6

104
Q

What are different stages of the course of a disease?

A 
Incubation Period
Prodromal stage
Acute stage
convalescent stage
resolution stage
105
Q

What is happening during incubation period?

A

pathogen begins active replication without producing symptoms

106
Q

What is happening during the prodromal stage?

A

Initial appearance of symptoms

107
Q

Which stage of disease is the infection at its maximum?

A

Acute Stage

108
Q

What happens during the convalescent stage?

A

containment of infection, and progressing toward elmination

109
Q

How are bacteria classified?

A

single cell organism that is classified by species and with in a species maybe different types called strains. Whether they need oxygen to live

110
Q

Staining

A

Page 10

111
Q

what colour do gram positive bacteria turn and what colour do gram negative bacteria turn into?

A

Positive: Purple
Negative: Pink

112
Q

Bacteria that needs oxygen is known as what?

A

Aerobes

113
Q

Bacteria that does not need oxygen?

A

anaerobes

114
Q

Bacteria that can live with and without oxygen are known as?

A

Facultative

115
Q

What are the two types of toxins?

A

Exotoxins

Endotoxins

116
Q

What toxin does gram positive bacteria secrete?

A

Exotoxins

117
Q

What toxin does gram negative bacteria secrete?

A

endotoxins

118
Q

What is dental plaque an example of?

A

Biofilm

119
Q

How can bacteria become antibiotic resistant?

A

can develop resistance to drugs because their genes may mutate

120
Q

What is Staphylococcal (staph) infections and Streptococcal (strep) infections?

A

Page 13

121
Q

What is necrotizing fasciitis?

A

skin eating disease

122
Q

What is impetigo?

A

A skin infection

123
Q

What are some common diseases caused by bacteria?

A 
Rheumatic fever
Bacterial meningitis
Respiratory tract infections 
Enteric bacterial infections
Bacterial infections of the urinary tract
Lymes disease

TERM 2 (12 decks)

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