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TERM 2 > Neurology #2 > Flashcards

Neurology #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three meninges connective tissue layers that protect the Central Nervous System from rubbing against the bones of the skull and spine?

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia Mater

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2
Q

What is the more tough and fibrous outer layer of the meninges?

A

Dura Mater

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3
Q

What layer anchors to the skull?

A

dura mater

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4
Q

What is the more delicate fibrous middle membrane of the meninges?

A

arachnoid mater

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5
Q

What does the name arachnoid refer to?

A

It refers to its delicate spider web-like network of collagen fibers.

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6
Q

Which meninges layer is vascularized?

A

the meninges layer that is vascularized is the pia mater

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7
Q

Which meninges layer firmly adheres to the brain?

A

pia mater

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8
Q

Where are ependymal cells located?

A

they line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.

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9
Q

How many connecting ventricle cavities are there in the brain?

A

Four connecting Ventricle Cavities

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10
Q

What are the connecting ventricle cavities of the brain filled with?

A

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

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11
Q

What is Cerebral Spinal Fluid?

A

It is a clear, colorless liquid that acts to lesson the impact of a blow to the head
It also serves to transport hormones to other areas of the brain.

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12
Q

What produces cerebral spinal fluid and where does it come from?

A

Ependymal cells produce

Comes from filtered blood in the ventricles

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13
Q

Where does cerebral spinal fluid circulate?

A

It circulates in subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord.

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14
Q

What moves the cerebral spinal fluid along?

A

Cilia on the surface of the ependymal cells that extend into the ventricular cavities and move CSF

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15
Q

What is the normal total volume of cerebral spinal fluid?

A

125-150 ml

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16
Q

How much cerebral spinal fluid is produced a day?

A

400-500 ml/day

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17
Q

What do dural sinuses do?

A

they carry reabsorbed CSF back to the blood via the internal jugular veins of the neck.

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18
Q

What is the aka for dural sinuses?

A

cranial sinuses

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19
Q

Where are dural sinuses located?

A

They are found between the two layers of the dura mater.

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20
Q

What do the dural sinuses lack?

A

They lack the 3 tunics of arteries and veins.

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21
Q

When cerebral spinal fluid builds up within the ventricles what is the condition called?

A

Hydrocephalus

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22
Q

What is the Calvaria made up of?

A

It is made up of two layers of compact bone separated by a layer of spongy bone called the diploe.

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23
Q

What is the spongy bone between the two layers of compact bone in calvaria called?

A

diploe

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24
Q

What is the Calvaria?

A

Is the upper dome like portion of the skull.

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25
Q

What does the calvaria consist of?

A

frontal, parietal and occipital bones

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26
Q

How is the diploic space drained?

A

It is drained through the diploic veins and are in turn drained by emissary veins travelling in the parietal and occipital foramina.

27
Q

Where is the flow of emissary veins always coming from?

A

the brain

28
Q

How does the skull cool itself?

A

by allowing fluids to cool on the surface and then havening them flow back inward to cool the skull

29
Q

Where can hematoma occur?

A

Subdural and epidural spaces

30
Q

What is hematoma?

A

is a localized mass of extravasated blood, usually clotted.

31
Q

What is a possible outcome of hematoma?

A

increase in intracranial pressure can lead to fatal brain tissue damage

32
Q

What are some symptoms of cerebral hematoma?

A

Severe headache
deterioration of consciousness
motor dysfunction.

33
Q

How is hematoma treated?

A

Holes are promptly drilled for evacuation of the extradural clot.

34
Q

What can be a cause of hematoma?

A

A blow to the skull can create an epidural hematoma between the skull and the dura. It can cause a fracture that transects a blood vessel

35
Q

Which cranial artery is the most susceptible to taking damage?

A

The meningeal artery

It lies in a groove in a part of the parietal bone that is very thin in the region of the temple.

36
Q

At what age is a subdural hematoma more common and why?

A

More common in the elderly because of normal brain shrinkage that occurs. The shrinkage stretches and weakens the bridging veins leaving it more susceptible to leakage

37
Q

What is a chronic subdural hematoma?

A

an old collection of blood and blood breakdown products between the surface of the brain and the dura. Blood leaks from the veins slowly overtime.

38
Q

Does sensory or afferent information get sent or from the PNS?

A

From the PNS to the CNS

39
Q

What is proprioception?

A

the sense of the relative position of neighboring parts of the body without the use of vision.

40
Q

What is Romberg’s test?

A

It is a test of the proprioception receptors and pathway function. The patient is asked to close their eyes while standing and if they fall it is considered a positive Romberg’s test

41
Q

What is exteroception?

A

It is the perception of the outside world

42
Q

What is interoception?

A

Is the perception of bodily sensations including pain, temperature, itch, sensual touch, visceral sensations, hunger, thirst, air hunger, and emotional awareness.

43
Q

What form does internal and external information take once it reaches the CNS?

A

Action potential aka neve impulses

44
Q

What is a sensory receptor?

A

Sensory receptor is a structure that recognizes a stimulis in the internal or external environment of an organism and converts it into an AP

45
Q

What is habituation?

A

Is a decreased CNS response to a repeated stimulus

46
Q

What sensitization?

A

Is an increased response to a repeated stimulus

47
Q

What type of neuron are most sensory receptors attached to?

A

Unipolar

48
Q

All Unipolar neurons are attached to what type of receptor?

A

Afferent receptors/ Sensory receptors

49
Q

In a unipolar neuron the peripheral axon is always associated with what part?

A

Sensory receptor

50
Q

Ina unipolar neuron the central axon always enters where?

A

The Central Nervous System

51
Q

What is transduction?

A

sensory receptors ability to convert stimulus energy into action potentials.

52
Q

What does depolarization mean?

A

Signifies that a neuron is in the process of sending a nerve impulse

53
Q

What is adaption?

A

The decrease in sensory receptors (PNS) sensitivity during a long last stimulus

54
Q

Which receptors are termed slow adapting?

A

receptors which continue to respond throughout the duration of a prolonged stimulus example: nociceptors / pain receptors

55
Q

What would be some examples of fast adapting cells?

A

Olfactory receptors

Smell

56
Q

What is the point in which a sensory receptor can no longer detect a sensation known as?

A

The absolute threshold

57
Q

If you can barely hear a sound it is known as?

A

the absolute threshold

58
Q

What is a difference threshold?

A

the smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before we notice the change.

59
Q

What does Weber’s law state about what is needed for us to notice a difference between two stimuli?

A

States the more intense the stimulus, the more it will need to change before we notice the difference

60
Q

What is a receptive field?

A

Every receptor has a defined area in the periphery, over which it can receive input

61
Q

What is spatial discrimination?

A

The ability to accurately locate the site of stimulation and to detect that neighboring stimuli are actually seperate

62
Q

Areas with smaller receptive fields and a higher concentration would be more or less sensitive?

A

More sensitive

63
Q

What is the two point threshold?

A

It is the minimal distance in which two separate stimuli can be distinguished as separate

TERM 2 (12 decks)

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