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TERM 2 > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the central nervous system contain?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system contain?

A

Everything outside the CNS, for example nerves.

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3
Q

Information that is being sent from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system is known as what kind of information?

A

Afferent Information

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4
Q

PNS carries efferent instructions from where to where?

A

CNS to the effectors such as muscles and glands.

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5
Q

What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic Nervous system
Autonomic Nervous System
Enteric Nervous System

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6
Q

What division of the PNS controls heart, smooth mm in viscera, blood vessels, and glands?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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7
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

Skeletal Muscles

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8
Q

What are the two divisions of the Autonomic nervous system and what do they do?

A

Parasympathetic NS: Resting and Digesting, the vagus nerve, carries most of the parasympathetic output.
Sympathetic NS: Fight or flight

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9
Q

Which system controls the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Enteric Nervous System

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10
Q

If there are no nerves in the central nervous system then what are there?

A

Tracts

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11
Q

What is the main function of glia?

A

to Protect and support neurons

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12
Q

What is a schwann cell?

A

Myelin producing cells of the PNS. Wraps about 2 millimeters of an axon and cell body.

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13
Q

The Node of Ranvier refers to?

A

When schwann cells line up end to end along the axon to myelinate the entire length of the axon they leave a small gap in between which is known as the Node of Ranvier

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14
Q

What is the main purpose of myelin layer?

A

to increase the speed at which impulses propagate along an axon.

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15
Q

Do schwann cells recover well from injury?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Once a nerve fiber loses its myelin sheath, how long does it take for it to be replaced?

A

They are able to phagocytose damaged myelin and lay down new myelin approximately 1 week after a nerve fibers loses its sheath.

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17
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelin producing cells in the central nervous system

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18
Q

Which cell is more fragile, Oligodendrocyte or schwann cell?

A

Oligodendrocyte is more fragile

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19
Q

How many myelin sheaths can 1 Oligodendrocyte form at once?

A

Segments of myelin sheaths of about 30 Neurons at once.

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20
Q

What is a disease that attacks Oligodendrocytes?

A

Multiple sclerosis

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21
Q

Does myelin replacement continue to occur when someone has multiple sclerosis?

A

Yes replacement occurs but the process becomes unreliable and eventually stops.

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22
Q

What does the clinical presentation of multiple sclerosis look like?

A

return to normal function (remission) after initial flare ups, but eventually this begins to change. The repair periods eventually take longer and longer and are less effective.

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23
Q

What are most common glial cell in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

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24
Q

What do Astrocytes do?

A

They provide support to fragile neurons, forming a matrix that keeps neurons in place. They have long, highly branched processes which end on the walls of the capillaries that contribute to the blood-brain barrier.

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25
Q

What is the shape of an astrocyte?

A

Star shaped

26
Q

Is there connective tissue in the brain?

A

NO

27
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

A complex filtration system that alters the permeability of brain capillaries.

28
Q

What does the Blood-Brain Barrier do?

A

severely limits the passageway of many harmful substances from blood to the neurons.
Hinders the delivery of many potential important therapeutic agents to the brain.

29
Q

What is the blood brain barrier permeable to?

A

Is permeable to alcohol, amphetamines and some toxic metals.

30
Q

What are some factors that can influence the blood brain barrier efficiency??

A

Trauma, radiation, hypertension, and infection.

31
Q

What is an example of a harmful substance that the brain blood barrier would not allow into the brain?

A

Glutamate which is a substance that in excess causes cells to become overexcited and die.

32
Q

What happens during the process of excitotoxicity and what is a substance that can cause it?

A

Cells become overexcited and die.

Glutamate

33
Q

What are the chances of someone with a traumatic brain injury developing epilepsy?

A

10-50%

34
Q

When someone suffers a traumatic brain injury how is it that they are more susceptible to epilepsy?

A

The blood protein albumin leaks into the brain via a damaged BBB and inappropriately activates astrocytes leading to chronic inflammation, hyperexcitable neurons and epileptic seizures.

35
Q

What forms a Tripartite Synapse?

A

It is formed by astrocytes processes wrapping around neurons.

36
Q

What does tripartite synapse contribute to?

A

To Neural Plasticity

37
Q

What does neuroplasticity refer to?

A

Refers to changes in the brain in response to new situations- Behavior, environment, thinking, emotion, changes as a result of injury.

38
Q

What can be a negative product of neuroplasticity?

A

Chronic pain.

39
Q

How is neuroplasticity connected to the perception of pain?

A

Neuroplasticity can lead to hyperalgesia (a heightened response to painful stimuli) and allodynia (a painful response to a normally non painful stimulus)

40
Q

What are satellite glial cells?

A

They are glial cells that cover the surface of ganglia.

41
Q

What is Ganglia?

A

Cluster of neuron cell bodies in the Peripheral Nervous System.

42
Q

Satellite glial cells play a similar role of which cell from the CNS?

A

Astrocyte

43
Q

What do Satellite glial cells do?

A

they supply nutrients to the surrounding neurons and also acts as protective, cushioning cells.

44
Q

What shape are satellite glial cells?

A

Unipolar

45
Q

What shape are Oligodendrocytes generally?

A

Multipolar

46
Q

What are Macrophages?

A

Immune system cells that recognize, engulf and destroy infected, damaged or dead cells.

47
Q

What is microglia?

A

They are the resident macrophage immune cells of the CNS.

48
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Facilitate and also coordinate responses between the peripheral immune system and the brain.

49
Q

What do Cytokines do?

A

they are released by other cells that affect behavior of other cells.

50
Q

What are two ways that Pro and anti inflammatory cytokines can e transported into the brain?

A

Humeral pathway i.e through blood or by the vagus nerve (neural pathway)

51
Q

What are the cardinal signs of peripheral inflammation?

A

Pain, Heat, Redness, swelling and loss of function.

52
Q

In which situations would neuroinflammation resemble peripheral inflammation?

A

Meningitis, head trauma, or autoimmune diseases of the CNS.

53
Q

What can neuroinflammation be used for?

A

can be used to identify a different events driven by microglial cells that do not necessarily show all the cardinal signs if any.

54
Q

What are the benefits and set backs of microglia inflammatory capability?

A

Can Pump out neuron damaging pro-inflammatory factors or they can pump out anti- inflammatory factors that are neuroprotective.

55
Q

What is an example of microglia Cytotoxic secretion? and what are its set backs and benefits?

A

An example is glutamate.
Aims at destroying infectious neurons, viruses, bacteria, but can also cause large amount of collateral damage to healthy neurons.

56
Q

What are the consequences of microglial hyper activation after an immune challenge?

A

Exaggerated neuroinflammation, sickness behavior, depressive like behavior and cognitive deficits.

57
Q

What is good for microglial in young people?

A

Activation because it helps mount for the appropriate responses to peripheral infection.

58
Q

In people who are older what happens to microglial?

A

There is an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase of inflammatory receptors on microglial.

59
Q

Aged microglial that have had an increase of inflammatory receptors are known as?

A

primed/ reactive/ sensitive

60
Q

What is the result of increases of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory receptors on the microglial?

A

Self perpetuating neurtoxicity or reactive microgliosis. Maybe the underlying mechanism of progressive neuron damage across numerous neurodegenerative diseases.

61
Q

What is a flavonoid? and why is it significant?

A

Diverse group of plant substances found in a variety of fruits and vegetables. Recent studies show that flavonoid intake may improve cognitive functioning by inhibiting neuroinflammation and mitigating microglial.

TERM 2 (12 decks)

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