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TERM 2 > Neurology #3 > Flashcards

Neurology #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a dermatone?

A

An area of the skin that is a combination of the receptive field of the sensory axons originating from a single nerve

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2
Q

How are dermatone’s named?

A

they are named according to the spinal nerve which supplies them.

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3
Q

Where does C5 supply nerves?

A

Lateral shoulder and arm

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4
Q

Where does C6 supply nerves?

A

Thumb, index finger, radial border of the hand

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5
Q

Where does C7 supply nerves?

A

Middle finger

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6
Q

Where does C8 supply nerves?

A

Digiti minimi (i.e ulnar border of hand)

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7
Q

Where does T1 supply nerves?

A

Medial Elbow (i.e heart attack)

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8
Q

What are the thoracic dermatomes land marks of T2-T12?

A

intercostal nerves form segmental strips on thorax

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9
Q

What are the thoracic dermatomes land marks of T10?

A

Goes across the umbilicus

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10
Q

What are the thoracic dermatomes land marks of T12?

A

Subcostal nerve which goes across upper edge of pubic bone

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11
Q

What are cutaneous receptors?

A

Sensory receptors found in the dermis or epidermis

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12
Q

Where are meissner corpuscles & merkel cells found?

A

found in the uppermost part of the dermis

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13
Q

Where are meissner corpuscles & merkel cells especially found?

A

Superficial layers of glabrous skin hairless skin (fingertips, lips)

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14
Q

What do meissner corpuscles & merkel cells detect?

A

Fine discriminative touch

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15
Q

Where are Ruffini corpuscle found?

A

They are found in the glabrous skin

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16
Q

What are Ruffini corpuscle sensitive to?

A

Skin stretch

Slippage of objects along the skin allowing modulation of grip on an object

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17
Q

Where are the Pacinian corpuscles found?

A

Deeper skin and subcutaneous tissue

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18
Q

What do Pacinian corpuscles detect?

A

Pressure or deep touch

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19
Q

What are Bulbs of Krause?

A

Multi layered capsules with many branched nerve endings.

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20
Q

What are bulbs of Krause suppose to help us feel?

A

Extreme cold

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21
Q

What are two classifications of the morphology of a receptor?

A

Naked free nerve endings that are unmyelinated Example Nociceptors
Encapsulated sensory receptors often referred to as sense organs
Example: Pacinian Corpuscle

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22
Q

What do photoreceptors respond to?

A

Photoreceptors respond to light

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23
Q

What do chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Respond to chemical stimuli e.g smell taste

24
Q

What do thermoreceptors respond to?

A

Respond to temperature, heat, cold.

25
Q

What do mechanoreceptors respond to?

A

Respond to mechanical stress and depolarize when their membranes are physically stretched.

26
Q

Damage to the nervous system due to disease or trauma, may cause what kind of pain?

A

Neurogenic pain

27
Q

What are two major types of nociceptors?

A

A-Delta

C aka C-PMN (polymodal)

28
Q

Which nociceptor is myelinated?

A

A-Delta

29
Q

What kind of stimulus does A-Delta nociceptors pick up?

A

Thermal

Mechanical Pressure that can potentially damage tissue

30
Q

What kind of stimulus does C nociceptors pick up?

A

Thermal
Mechanical Pressure
Chemical

31
Q

Which nociceptors carries faster A-Delta or C?

A

A-Delta carries faster

32
Q

Which noncicpetors responds to deeper part of the skin and in every other tissue except nervous tissue?

A

C aka C-PMN

33
Q

Which nociceptor are able to pick up the sharpest sensations?

A

A-Delta

34
Q

Sharp, stinging, cutting, stabbing sensation is usually associated with which type of nocicpetor?

A

A-Delta

35
Q

Dull, burning aching throbbing, itch is usually associated with which type of nocicpetor?

A

C

36
Q

What is the pain response of A-Delta?

A

Withdraw response

37
Q

What is the pain response of C-PMN?

A

immobilization

38
Q

What is proprioception?

A

It is the ability to know where your body is in space without the use of vision.

39
Q

What do muscle spindles detect?

A

Rate of change in muscle length

Static length of the muscles

40
Q

Where are muscle spindles found most abundantly?

A

delicate fine contractile activity, they are especially abundant in the small muscles of the hand and foot.

41
Q

What is a 1A Fibre?

A

Unipolar neuron coming from a muscle spindle

42
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

Sensory receptors located within muscles and consist of intrafusal muscle fibers and peripheral axons of 1A unipolar sensory neurons.

43
Q

What is the most abundant type of lower motor neuron?

A

Alpha motor neuron

44
Q

Which motor neuron are actually used in the force for muscle contraction?

A

Alpha Motor Neuron

45
Q

What does alpha motor neurons innervate?

A

Extrafusal muscle fibers (aka skeletal muscle cells) outside of the spindle. Goes to the muscle fibre.

46
Q

What lower motor neuron innervates intrafusal fibres?

A

Gamma motor neuron

47
Q

Is there more gamma motor neurons or alpha motor neurons?

A

Alpha Motor Neurons

48
Q

What horn of the Spinal column are gamma motor neurons located?

A

Anterior horn

49
Q

What Lower Motor Neuron adjust the sensitivity of the muscle spindles?

A

Gamma motor neuron

50
Q

How does the stretch reflex work as a protective reflex?

A

Muscle lengthens too quickly –> Muscle spindle is stretched –> 1a activity increases –> increases alpha motor neuron activity –> Extrafusal fibers contract and resist the stretching another set of neurons causes the antagonist of the action to relax.

51
Q

How cant you tell whether some posses a high gamma gain?

A

If it is more difficult to bend a patients arm at the elbow back and forth, then they have higher gamma gain as opposed to someone whose arm moves easily has lower gamma gain

52
Q

What is a unipolar neuron coming from a Golgi tendon organ referred to as?

A

1b Fibre

53
Q

What is the function of the Golgi tendon?

A

Monitor muscle tension

54
Q

Where are Golgi tendons located?

A

near the transition between muscle and tendon, the musculotendinous junction

55
Q

Does Golgi tendon organ respond to both to passive and stretch? and which one is it most sensitive to?

A

Yes most sensitive to stretch.

56
Q

What is autogenic inhibition mean?

A

When muscle contraction exceeds a certain threshold the muscles relaxes due to the influence of Golgo tendon organs

TERM 2 (12 decks)

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