systems🫡 Flashcards
list the five functions of the skeleton
- Framework
- movement
- Protection of vital organs
- Storage for mineral salts and fats
- Blood cell production
define articulation
location where two or more bones meet.
define diaphysis
Is a shaft making up the main portion of the bone
define epiphysis
Is the enlarged ends of the bone. A thin layer of articular cartilage covers each epiphysis
where are red bone marrow located
in spongy/cancellous bone
where is yellow bone marrow located
the medullary cavity
what is the function of red bone marrow
red bone marrow is where red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells are created
what is the function of yellow bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow stores fat
list the minerals which are stored as salts in bone
potassium
sodium
phosphorus
calcium
where are compact bones found
the bone surrounding the medullary cavity
where are cancellous bones found
ends of the long bones
give a possible explanation for where these bones types are found
we can see compact and cancellous bone in a typical long bone such as the bones in the arms and legs, this includes the femur
list the components of the axial section
skull
vertebrae column
thoracic cage
list the components of the appendicular section
shoulder girdle arm hand pelvic girdle leg foot
the vertebral column is divided into five sections, list these
cervical vertebrae thoracic vertebrae lumbar vertebrae sacral vertebrae coccyx vertebrae
describe the structure of the pectoral girdle
the shoulder or pectoral girdle is composed of the clavicle and the scapula
describe the articulation of bones in the pectoral girdle and upper limb
ball and socket joint between your shoulder and humerus bone
describe the structure of the pelvic girdle
made up of serval bones and joints that connect your truck to your lower limbs with varying degrees of movement
describe the articulation of bones in the pelvic girdle and lower limb
ball and socket joint between the pelvis and femur
list the 7 groups of nutrients
Carbohydrates. Proteins. Fats. Vitamins. Minerals. Dietary fiber. Water
how are carbohydrates obtained in our diet and what are they used for
foods high in carbohydrates include bread, pasta, beans, potatoes, rice, and cereals.
Carbohydrates provide the body with glucose, which is converted to energy used to support bodily functions and physical activity
how is protein obtained in our diet and what are they used for
Food sources of protein include meat, fish, dairy, lentils, beans, and tofu.
Protein is essential for the growth and repair of body cells. Insufficient protein can lead to low growth and a weakened immune system. Excess protein may lead to weight gain and liver problems.
how is fats obtained in our diet and what are they used for
milk, meat, and oils food groups. It can also be found in many fried foods, baked goods, and pre-packaged foods
Dietary fats are essential to give your body energy and support cell function. They also help protect your organs and help keep your body warm. Fats help your body absorb some nutrients and produce vital hormones, too.
how are vitamins obtained in our diet and what are they used for
Eating a mix of foods is the best way to get all the vitamins and minerals you need each day. Fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, lean meats, fish, and poultry
they help shore up bones, heal wounds, and bolster your immune system. They also convert food into energy and repair cellular damage.
how are minerals obtained in our diet and what are they used for
meat. cereals. fish. milk and dairy foods. fruit and vegetables. nuts
Minerals are necessary for 3 main reasons: building strong bones and teeth. controlling body fluids inside and outside cells. turning the food you eat into energy.
how is fibre obtained in our diet and what are they used for
Dietary fibre is found in wholegrain cereals and fruit and vegetables.
Fibre is mainly a carbohydrate. The main role of fibre is to keep the digestive system healthy.
how is water obtained in our diet and what are they used for
You get some of the water in your body through the foods you eat. Some of the water is made during the process of metabolism. You also get water through liquid foods and beverages, such as soup, milk, tea, coffee, soda, drinking water, and juices.
Helps Maintain the Balance of Body Fluids
define digestion
Digestion is the complex process of turning the food you eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth and cell repair needed to survive.
what is the difference between chemical and mechanical digestion
chemical digestion is the chemical break down of large, complex molecules into smaller, simpler molecules
mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food particles. it involves the following processes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine
what are the six essential activities of the digestive system
ingestion of food and water
mechanical digestion of food
chemical digestion of food
movement of food along the alimentary canal
absorption of digested food and water into the blood and lymph
elimination of material that is not absorbed
describe the mechanical and chemical digestion of food in the mouth
Your teeth carry out mechanical digestion by crushing and grinding the food into smaller pieces
As the food is chewed is mixed with saliva fluid that is secreted into the mouth cavity by three pairs of salivary glands. It contains mucus to lubricate the food and a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase.
what is a bolus
a bolus is a ball-like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the mouth during the process of chewing
how is food bolus moved from the mouth to the stomach
when food bolus is soft enough that it can easily be swallowed and propelled through the alimentary canal.
it will move down the oesophagus by a process called peristalsis.
peristalsis is the rhymitically contraction of circular muscle down the oesophagus that pushes food down the oesophagus
peristalsis will continue all the way down the oesophagus until it reaches the stomach
how is food digested within the stomach
Mechanical digestion in the stomach is achieved by waves of muscular contraction that move along the stomach wall. The stomach’s oblique, circular and longitudinal muscles enable the stomach to contract in a variety of ways to churn food and mix it with stomach juices. The stomach breaks down food into a soup-like consistency called chyme
Glands in your stomach lining make stomach acid and enzymes that break down food
what are the three parts that make up the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
what is the function of the pancreas
produces pancreatic juice containing enzymes for digesting proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
what is the function of the liver
produces bile, which is stored and concentrated in the gall bladder. Bile emulsifies lipids in the small intestine
what is the function of the gall bladder
stores bill and releases it into the small intestine, where the bile emulsifies lipids
describe the digestion of food within the small intestine
Mechanical digestion also continues in the small intestine through a process called segmentation.
segmentation is the process of the small intestine forming segments by contracting ends, circular muscle in the segment control and relax repeating
digestion also continues under the influence of
pancreatic juice- secreted by the pancreas via the pancreatic duct
bile- produced by the liver, but stored in the gall bladder and secreted into the small intestine via the bile duct
intestinal juice- secreted by glands in the lining of the small intestine
how are nutrients absorbed from the small intestine into the bloodstream?
vitamins and minerals will enter the bloodstream through simple diffusion
glucose and amino acids will enter the bloodstream through active transport
fatty acids and glycerol will enter the lateral through simple diffusion.
what are the seven parts that make up the large intestine
caecum appendix ascending colon transverse colon descending colon rectum anal sphicter
how are nutrients absorbed from the large intestine into the bloodstream?
absorbs water and vitamins
some bacteria produce vitamins, which are then absorbed through the walls of the blood.
describe the process of defecation
Defecation is defined as the final act of digestion, by which organisms eliminate their undigested waste material from the digestive tract via the anus.
list the functions of the circulatory system
- transport oxygen + nutrients
- transport carbon dioxide and wastes
- transport chemical messengers (hormones)
- maintains pH
- distributes heat to maintain body temperature
- maintains water and ion concentrations
- protect against diseases
- clotting
