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my human bio 2022 > science inquiry > Flashcards

science inquiry Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the ethics of planning an investigation?

A
  • Voluntary participation
  • Informed consent
  • Risk of harm
  • Confidentiality
  • Anonymity
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2
Q

what is the safety of planning an investigation

A
  • Risks involved
  • safety equipment required
  • physical and emotional
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3
Q

what is a placebo

A
  • used to test the effectiveness of medical treatments

- Inactive substance that looks like the real treatment and is administered in the same manner

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4
Q

what group is the placebo given to

A

the controlled group

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5
Q

what is a single-blind experiment

A
  • occurs when information is withheld from the participant

the researcher knows all the facts

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6
Q

what is a double-blind experiment?

A
  • neither the participants nor researchers know who belongs to which group.

Researchers identify each group by analysing the results

high standard if scientific accuracy

easily achieved in drug studies by formulating placebo to have identical appearance to test drug

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7
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A
  • it is an “if-then” statement
  • it includes the dependent and independent variable
    a single idea that must be able to be tested
    precise an concise
    definite statement-no question
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8
Q

what are the different variables

A
  • independent: variable you change
  • dependent: variable you measure
  • controlled: variable you keep the same
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9
Q

what is validity

A
  • an experiment is considered valid if it tests what is it meant to test.
  • for an experiment to be considered valid it must control all variables, excluding the independent variable
  • to have a valid experiment you must have reliable and accurate data
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10
Q

what is reliability

A
  • refers to whether an experiment can be repeated by you or any other person who tries the experiment
  • an experiment is reliable if it can be repeated with similar outcomes
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11
Q

how is accuracy improved

A
  • by using the correct equipment

- ensuring the experiment is conducted by an individual with past experience

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12
Q

what are the different types of errors

A
  • systematic error
  • random error
  • human error
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13
Q

what is a human error

A

is a mistake made during an experiment due to a lack of human ability or carelessness

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14
Q

what are random errors

A

are unpredictable errors and occur because no measurement is perfect

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15
Q

what is a systematic error

A

occurs because of the way in which an experiment is designed.

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16
Q

what is the percentage change formula

A

new value - old value/old value x 100%

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17
Q

what is the percentage increase formula

A

final valve-initial valvue/initial valvue x100

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18
Q

what is extrapolate

A

extending the graph along the same slope

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19
Q

what is interpolate

A

predicting data between 2 points

20
Q

what are the different types of investigations

A 
observations 
controlled experiments 
surveys 
trail and error 
case studies 
longitudinal studies
21
Q

describe observations

A

all investigations use observations

scientists look for trends or patterns

22
Q

describe controlled experiments

A

a fair test designed to look for relationships between variables

change only one variable, results should be reflective of that change

23
Q

describe surveys

A

collect data from a large number of participants

questionnaires or interviews

24
Q

trial and error

A

systematic

make one change at a time until the problem has been solved

each trial is recorded-process of elimination

25
Q

describe case studies

A

focus on one person or situation

following a group/individual with a certain demographic or disease

26
Q

describe longitudinal studies

A

conducted over a few years

a more prolonged case study

build up a picture of change over time

27
Q

what is the literature review

A

help define the problem

find out what is already known

assess research methods

allow researcher to relate findings

28
Q

what is qualitative data

A

observations that do not involve numbers

29
Q

what is quantitative data

A

data that is expressed in numbers

30
Q

what group receives the real substance

A

the experimental group

31
Q

what is the scientific method

A 
observation 
inferences 
hypothesis
experimental design 
record and present data 
discussion 
conclusion
32
Q

what are the steps in an experimental design

A

aim- summerise experiment statement

introduction- expand on aim

hypothesis

equipment- including quantity and how much

diagram

procedure/ method- always do procedure first, show how much you are going to do it, the method is the write up after

result- in a form of a table and then put into a graph

discussion- identify patterns and trends in the experiment

conclusion- restate the hypothesis, does the data support the hypothesis, using data

33
Q

what is repetition

A

doing the same experiment many times

34
Q

what is replication

A

a number if identical experiments running together or at the same time

performing the experiment on a large number of subjects at the same time

35
Q

what do repetition and replication help to do

A

helpt to demonstrate that the results are constant

minimise the effects of uncontrolled variables

36
Q

what is secondary data

A

is data that is collected by someone else who is not the user of the data

37
Q

what does secondary data often contain

A

confidence intervals

38
Q

what are confidence intervals

A

confident intervals indicate the reliability of the data and are expressed as a range of values above and below the results

39
Q

what are the benefits of a blind experiment

A

people involved do not know certain details of experiment

prevents conscious or unconscious bias

40
Q

how should experiments be designed

A

so that where possible experiments should be designed so that quantitative data can be collected

41
Q

can qualitative be given numerical valvues

A

yes

42
Q

how can you minimize random errors

A

take more data. random errors can be evaluated through statistical analysis and can be reduced by repetition

43
Q

how can you minimize systematic errors

A

systematic errors are difficult to detect and cannot be analyzed statistically, because all of the data is off in the same direction. Spotting and correcting for systematic error takes a lot of care

44
Q

what is an example of a random error

A

You measure the mass of a ring three times using the same balance and get slightly different values: 17.46 g, 17.42 g, 17.44 g

45
Q

what is an example of a systematic error

A

The electric scale you use read 0.05 g too high for all your maths measurements (because it is improperly tared throughout your experiment).

my human bio 2022 (22 decks)

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