Systematics

Question 1

Name the schools of systematics

Answer 1

Taxonomy, Classification, Phylogenetics (cladistics)

Question 2

Define Taxonomy

Answer 2

School of naming organisms

Question 3

What is the school of naming organisms called?

Answer 3

Taxonomy

Question 4

The school of grouping organisms is defined by what term?

Answer 4

Classification

Question 5

Define Classification

Answer 5

School of grouping organisms.

Question 6

How does one decipher the evolutionary histories of organisms?

Answer 6

By Phylogenetics, aka cladistics

Question 7

Define Cladistics

Answer 7

aka phylogenetics. Phylogeny pertains to the evolutionary history of a taxonomic group of organisms

Question 8

Homology example

Answer 8

Scales and feathers

Question 9

Define Homology

Answer 9

Comes from the same cell types
or
The character had developed similarly in position or structure.

Question 10

Which concept developed similarly?

Answer 10

Homology

Question 11

Analogy example

Answer 11

Lungs and gills

Question 12

Define Analogy

Answer 12

The parts of separate animals that FUNCTION ALIKE

Question 13

What functions alike?

Answer 13

Analogy

Question 14

What looks alike?

Answer 14

Homoplasy

Question 15

Define homoplasy

Answer 15

Parts that look alike on other animals but aren’t necessarily from the same ancestor. Could be due to convergent evolution.

Question 16

Examples of homoplasy

Answer 16

the wings of insects, birds, and bats

Question 17

Define phylogenetics

Answer 17

The study of how organisms are related, usually shown as a cladogram/phylogeny branching diagram

Question 18

Define Terminal Taxon

Answer 18

The taxon at the very end of a branch. The operational taxonomic units.

Question 19

Define Ingroup

Answer 19

The terminal taxa that is typically the interested taxa.

The taxa in an ingroup are closely related. They are sister groups, and they share a common ancestor.

Question 20

Define Outgroup

Answer 20

Taxa that establishes polarity of characters in a group. Closely related to outgroup, usually the first terminal taxon to branch off

Question 21

Define Node

Answer 21

A point where the branch of a cladogram diverges. They represent theoretical ancestors

Question 22

Define Most Recent Common Ancestor

Answer 22

Most recent node found at the base of any terminal taxa pair

Question 23

Define Internode

Answer 23

The branch that is between two nodes/between a node and terminal taxon. They represent changes in character state along a lineage.

Question 24

What is a Monophyletic group?

Answer 24

A group of taxa that includes one ancestor and all the descendants. Greatest interest groups

Question 25

Define Clade

Answer 25

Another name for monophyletic group. Which is a branch that includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 26

What is a “Paraphyletic” group?

Answer 26

A group of taxa that includes some but not all descendants of one ancestor.
Antiquated names are in quotation marks.
Little interest groups

Question 27

What is a group of little interest?

Answer 27

“Paraphyletic” group

Question 28

Define sister groups

Answer 28

Two monophyletic groups that arose from a single ancestor, closest relative on the tree.

Question 29

Define Polytomy

Answer 29

When a node branching off has more than two taxa at the end of the branching tree. Tri or polychotomy. Poor resolution of data is represented by a polytomy

Question 30

Define apoporphy

Answer 30

It’s when the condition and position of a character state evolved from primitive to derived. (Scales and feathers)

Question 31

Define parismony

Answer 31

When defining character evolution, go for the simplest solution, and the least amount of homoplasy or reversal

Question 32

Define synapomorphy

Answer 32

An apomorphy unites a monophyletic group while excluding other taxa. Usually uniquely characterizes a given set of terminal groups

Question 33

Define autapomorphies

Answer 33

An apomorphy occurs along a terminal internode, nowhere else

Question 34

Define homoplasy

Answer 34

Cannot be simplified due to not having any common ancestors to connect. Character state evolved more than once

Question 35

Define reversal

Answer 35

Converting a character state to a primitive state from a derived state.

Question 36

Define Tie

Answer 36

Where a derived character state can be a homoplasy or reversal when using parsimony.

Question 37

Typically the larger set of taxa after the first branch.

Answer 37

Ingroup