Subkingdom Bilateria Flashcards
Kingdom Animalia
Subkingdom Bilateria
Division Protostomia
Superphylum Lophotrochozoa synapopmorphies
Lophophore (lost in many) Trochophore larva (lost in many) molecular characteristics
Kingdom Animalia
Subkingdom Bilateria
Division Protostomia has which superphyla?
Superphlyum Lophotrochozoa and Superphylum Ecdysozoa
Kingdom Animalia
Subkingdom Bilateria
Division Protostomia synapomorphies
Blastopore forms mouth Spiral cleavage Coelom developed schizocoely Nerve surrounds gut Determinate Fate
Kingdom Animalia
Subkingdom Bilateria
Synapomorphies
Bilateral symmetry
Cephalization
Tripoblastic
Coelom (of some sort)
Kingdom Animalia
Subkingdom Bilateria
Division Deuterostomia synapomorphies
Blastopore forms anus Radial cleavage Enterocoely coelom developed Dorsal nerve NOT around gut Indeterminate fate
Kingdom Animalia
Subkingdom Bilateria
Division Protostomia
Superphylum Ecdysozoa synapomorphies
Exoskeleton
Ecdysis
Molecular characteristics.
Protostomia/Deuterostomia Division
Fate of Blastopore
Protostomia makes the mouth first while Deuterostomia makes the anus first
Protostomia/Deuterostomia division Type of Cleavage
Protostomia has spiral cleavage which is where the top of the 8 cell morula stage rotates 45 degrees relative to the bottom later
Deuterostomia has radial cleavage.
Protostomia/Deuterostomia division
Blastomere fate
Protostomia has a determinate fate for the blastomere, it will turn into what it they are meant to turn into
While Deuterostomia has an indeterminate fate, more choice and variation in fate development
Protostomia/Deuterstomia division coelom formation (determined by formation process not end results)
Protostomia is schizocoely, where the mesoderm splits to form coelom
Deuterstomia is Enterocoely, where the coelom forms from being pinched off
Protostomia/Deuterostomia Division Position of Nerve Cord
Protostomia–nerve cord is ventral
Deuterostomia–nerve cord is dorsal
Protostomia/Deuterostomia Division Relation of Nerve to Gut
Protostomia–nerve wraps around gut
Deuterostomia–nerve is kept separate from the gut
Superphylum’s Lophotrochozoa/Ecdysozoa Division Presence of a lophophore
Syperphylum Lophotrochozoa has a lophophore.
It looks like tentacles, with cilia on edges that generate water currents for food particles.
Superphylum’s Lophotrochozoa/Ecdysozoa Division
Presence of a Trochophore
Superphylum Lophotrochozoa has a Trochophore.
It is 4 separate patches of cilia. Apical Tuff is the top
Prototroch is the inner middle
Metatroch is the outer middle, goes down toward the bottom
Terotroch is the bottom cilia patch
Superphylum’s Lophotrochozoa/Ecdysozoa Division Presence of Ecdysis and protein cuticle
Superphylum Ecdysozoa - phylum nematoda and phylum arthropoda
Leaving old protein skeleton behind for a new protein exoskeleton. Nonliving
Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Phylum Playhelminthes Taxonomy and systematics
Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Bilateria Division Protostomia Superphylum Lophotrochozoa Phylum Platyhelminthes
Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Phylum Platyhelminthes Classes Taxonomy and systematics
Class “Turbellaria”
Class Trematoda
Class Monogenea
Class Cestoda
Phylum Platyhelminthes Class “Turbellaria” common name and exemplars
Common name for Class “Turbellaria” Free living flatworms
Exemplar: Planaria tigrinum
Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Trematoda common name and exemplars
Common name for Class Trematoda: Digenetic Flukes
Exemplars: Clonorchis sinensis, Fasciola hepatica, Paragonimus, westermani, Schistosoma mansoni
Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Monogena common name and exemplars
Common name for Class Monogena: monogenetic flukes
Exemplar: Gyrodoactylus salaris
Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Cestoda Common name and exemplars
Class Cestoda common name: tapeworms
Exemplars: Taenia solium, Dipylidium caninum, Echinococcus granulosus
Diversity of Phylum Platyhelminthes Classes
Class Trematoda–11,000 spp.
Class Cestoda–4,200 spp.
Class “Turbellaria”– 3,500 spp.
Class Monogena–1,300 spp.
Synapomorphies of Phylum Platyhelminthes
Depressed body dorsiventrally
Rhabdite cells
Endolecithal eggs
Protonephridia
Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Trematoda synapomorphies
Prohaptor, opisthaptor, parasitic with >_ 2 hosts Miracidium, radia, cercarcia larva Syncytial integument
Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Monogenea synapomorphies
Hooks present on opishaptor
Syncytial integument
Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Cestoda synapomorphies
Scolex Proglottids (NOT segments) Cysticercus larva Syncytial integument Hooks present
Synapomorphies of Platyhelminthes: Endolecithal eggs
Inside yolk, yolk is sequestered into vacuoles. Only occurs in flatworms
Synapomorphies of Phylum Platyhelminthes: Protonephridia
Flame cells
1) Flagellum beats, creating negative pressure
2) Intersitial fluid drawn into excretory canal
3) Fluid pushed down toward excretory pore. Good substances reabsorbed by active transport
4) Nitrogenous waste pushed out of excretory pore (1st time seeing structure for waste removal)
Features of Phylum Platyhelminthes
Triploblastic
Cephalized
Bilaterally symmetric
Acolemate
Class “Turbellaria” Planaria tigrinum
No synapomorphies, paraphyletic group
Characteristics: Free living, non parasitic
Habitat: marine, some fresh water
Class Trematoda: Clonorchis sinensis, Fasciola heaptica, Paragonius westermani, Schistosoma mansoni
Creates holes in host (liver, intestines) and lives in them
Larva typically infects snails/slugs through them eating infected waste
Adults usually live where eggs can exit host body easily (liver, intestines’, bile duct)
Which class of phylum platyhelminths is an obligate endoparasites and free-living larvae
Class Trematoda
Important Trematodes: Clonorchis sinensis
Human liver fluke
30 million infections
Eating cysts in raw fish (sushi)
Important Trematodes: Paragonimus westermani
Human lung fluke
3 million infections
eating cysts in crustaceans
Important Trematodes: Fasciola hepatica
Sheep liver fluke
2.4 million infections
Eating cysts on unwanted vegetation
Important Trematodes: Schistosoma manisoni
Human blood fluke
200 million infections
Cercarcia penetrates skin when walking barefoot on beach
Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Monogena habitat
obligate endoparasite of fish gills
Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Monogena Gyrodactylus salaris
Lives on fish gills Drink blood Reproduce quickly Some fish gills get completely covered Often outbreaks in fish farms and wipers out schools.
Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Cestoda Characteristics
Absent digestive system
Cysticercus larvae
Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Cestoda, Taenia solium
Pork/beef tapeworm
Get by eating raw pork
Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Cestoda, Dipylidium caninum
dog or cat tapeworm, caught by eating fleas (dog kisses)
Phylum Playhelminthes, Class Cestoda Echinococcus granulosus
Cysticercasis-goes to human brain due to being confused by human physiology
Hydadical tapeworm
Undercooked beef and pork
Dog that eats roadkill
Body systems in Platyhelminthes
Regular Integument (regular epithelium) in class “Turbellaria”
Syncytium (continue epithelium layer) in classes Trematoda, Monogena, Cestoda
Absent Skeletal system
Muscular System: outer circulatory muscle and inner longitudinal muscle
Digestive system: Incomplete gut, mouth, pharynx and instestines, some with diverticulae all in class “Turbellaria”
Absent in Classes Trematoda, Monogena, Cestoda
Asexual: “Turbellaria”
Sexual: monoicous and few dioecious
Nervous system: paired longitudinal nervous cord, statocyst, ocelli
