Body Systems 5-11 Overview Flashcards
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
The functions of the respiratory system is the collection, transportation, and shedding of respiratory gases.
What are the forms of the respiratory system?
Integumentary, lungs, external gills, internal gills/book lungs, and tracheal system
Earthworms have the ability to exchange gases by diffusion across body surface, what is this respiratory system process?
Integumentary
Define lungs
Internal sac-like organ closely linked with circulatory systems
What is the difference between external gills and internal gills?
External gills are branching, thin-walled extensions of integumentary systems, while internal gills are similar to external gills, they are partially concealed and protected.
What is the tracheal system?
Extensive system of tubes that penetrate throughout the body
The function of this system is the making of the next generation, what am I?
The reproductive system
The forms of the reproductive system take on two types, ______ and ______
Asexual and sexual
Define asexual reproduction
Reproduction without meiosis and without recombination of genetic materials
Describe sexual reproduction
Reproduction with meiosis and recombination of genetic material.
Segregation of a small cluster of cells that form new individual, and there is no genetic change.
Budding (e.g. ????)
Dividing of the parent body into 2 equal parts. This forms new individuals
Fragmentation (e.g. sea anemone)
The amputation of an appendage or cell to form a new individual.
Regeneration (e.g. sea star, ECHNIODERMS)
Releases a cluster of cells, extracted water during the process means that the clusters are low-water. This helps the cells get through harsh winter conditions.
Gemmulation (E.g. Sponges)
Very efficient. 4 to 5 generation by one ‘mom’
Parthenogenesis
Define parthenogensis
Growth of new individuals from unfertilized eggs (via mitosis). They are CLONES. (E.g. aphids, some snakes and lizards)
Sexual reproduction has two types, what are they?
Monoecious: both male and female in one body (Hermaphrodites)
Dioecious: male and female are separate individuals.
Individuals are usually classified as male or female (or both) with organs that undergo spermatogenesis (sperm creation), and oogenesis (egg creation).
Sexual reproduction
Factors that make up sex determination include
Genetic make-up has separate genes (humans have X,X and X,Y)
Environment can determine sexuality (alligator; more heat means more males)
Hormones have DNA for both. (Clown Fish/Cicadids: Largest individuals is male, all rest are female)
What is the difference between isogametes and anisogametes?
Isogametes have similar size and shape, and one can’t tell apart the gametes. (Protists)
Anisogametes are of different size and shape, common in sexual reproducing animals.
What are the steps in sexual reproduction according to page 71: Segue 1?
2n diploid, undergo meiosis, separates into 1n haploid, two meet in ferritization, and ends with 1n, 2n, 1n.
Pros and cons of asexual reproduction?
Asexual pros: doesn’t require mate, “cheap”, fast and easy due to no energy required for finding a mate, and they can produce many offspring.
Asexual cons: No new genetics are combined and created, less capable of surviving adversity, and the evolution is retarded of new types of species.
Pros and cons of sexual reproduction?
Sexual pros: New genetic combinations, better capable of surviving adversary, and sponsors evolution of new types of species.
Sexual cons: requires a mate, so energy is used; expensive in energy. Slow and hard to undergo. And produces few offspring, 1 at the most, 2 plus if lucky.
What are the functions of the nervous systems?
Rapid communication within the body using electrochemical gradients
Perception of environment with senses.
The forms of the nervous system include:
Nerve net (e.g. Cnidaria)
Radial nerves (e.g. Echinodermata)
Cephalized (animals with a head) (e.g. vertebrata)
Sense Organs
Sense organs are ______ and usually have distinct heads
anterior
Special sense organs of the nervous system include:
Touch (stadoliths?) Hearing (echolocation) Sight (color vision: infrared/ultraviolet) Smell Taste
Endocrine system has how many functions? What are they?
Slow communication within body using hormones released into the blood
Regulation of many important physiological processes.
The physiological processes of growth, behavior, hunger, and urine output are related to which system?
Endocrine system
Hormones’ are the form of which system?
Endocrine system
The protection of the body from foreign invasions via cellular/molecular means is a part of which system?
Immune system
What is the form the immune system takes one?
White blood cells and other dedicated cells.
