Body Systems 5-11 Overview

Question 1

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

The functions of the respiratory system is the collection, transportation, and shedding of respiratory gases.

Question 2

What are the forms of the respiratory system?

Answer 2

Integumentary, lungs, external gills, internal gills/book lungs, and tracheal system

Question 3

Earthworms have the ability to exchange gases by diffusion across body surface, what is this respiratory system process?

Answer 3

Integumentary

Question 4

Define lungs

Answer 4

Internal sac-like organ closely linked with circulatory systems

Question 5

What is the difference between external gills and internal gills?

Answer 5

External gills are branching, thin-walled extensions of integumentary systems, while internal gills are similar to external gills, they are partially concealed and protected.

Question 6

What is the tracheal system?

Answer 6

Extensive system of tubes that penetrate throughout the body

Question 7

The function of this system is the making of the next generation, what am I?

Answer 7

The reproductive system

Question 8

The forms of the reproductive system take on two types, ______ and ______

Answer 8

Asexual and sexual

Question 9

Define asexual reproduction

Answer 9

Reproduction without meiosis and without recombination of genetic materials

Question 10

Describe sexual reproduction

Answer 10

Reproduction with meiosis and recombination of genetic material.

Question 11

Segregation of a small cluster of cells that form new individual, and there is no genetic change.

Answer 11

Budding (e.g. ????)

Question 12

Dividing of the parent body into 2 equal parts. This forms new individuals

Answer 12

Fragmentation (e.g. sea anemone)

Question 13

The amputation of an appendage or cell to form a new individual.

Answer 13

Regeneration (e.g. sea star, ECHNIODERMS)

Question 14

Releases a cluster of cells, extracted water during the process means that the clusters are low-water. This helps the cells get through harsh winter conditions.

Answer 14

Gemmulation (E.g. Sponges)

Question 15

Very efficient. 4 to 5 generation by one ‘mom’

Answer 15

Parthenogenesis

Question 16

Define parthenogensis

Answer 16

Growth of new individuals from unfertilized eggs (via mitosis). They are CLONES. (E.g. aphids, some snakes and lizards)

Question 17

Sexual reproduction has two types, what are they?

Answer 17

Monoecious: both male and female in one body (Hermaphrodites)

Dioecious: male and female are separate individuals.

Question 18

Individuals are usually classified as male or female (or both) with organs that undergo spermatogenesis (sperm creation), and oogenesis (egg creation).

Answer 18

Sexual reproduction

Question 19

Factors that make up sex determination include

Answer 19

Genetic make-up has separate genes (humans have X,X and X,Y)

Environment can determine sexuality (alligator; more heat means more males)

Hormones have DNA for both. (Clown Fish/Cicadids: Largest individuals is male, all rest are female)

Question 20

What is the difference between isogametes and anisogametes?

Answer 20

Isogametes have similar size and shape, and one can’t tell apart the gametes. (Protists)
Anisogametes are of different size and shape, common in sexual reproducing animals.

Question 21

What are the steps in sexual reproduction according to page 71: Segue 1?

Answer 21

2n diploid, undergo meiosis, separates into 1n haploid, two meet in ferritization, and ends with 1n, 2n, 1n.

Question 22

Pros and cons of asexual reproduction?

Answer 22

Asexual pros: doesn’t require mate, “cheap”, fast and easy due to no energy required for finding a mate, and they can produce many offspring.

Asexual cons: No new genetics are combined and created, less capable of surviving adversity, and the evolution is retarded of new types of species.

Question 23

Pros and cons of sexual reproduction?

Answer 23

Sexual pros: New genetic combinations, better capable of surviving adversary, and sponsors evolution of new types of species.

Sexual cons: requires a mate, so energy is used; expensive in energy. Slow and hard to undergo. And produces few offspring, 1 at the most, 2 plus if lucky.

Question 24

What are the functions of the nervous systems?

Answer 24

Rapid communication within the body using electrochemical gradients

Perception of environment with senses.

Question 25

The forms of the nervous system include:

Answer 25

Nerve net (e.g. Cnidaria)
Radial nerves (e.g. Echinodermata)
Cephalized (animals with a head) (e.g. vertebrata)
Sense Organs

Question 26

Sense organs are ______ and usually have distinct heads

Answer 26

anterior

Question 27

Special sense organs of the nervous system include:

Answer 27

Touch (stadoliths?)
Hearing (echolocation)
Sight (color vision: infrared/ultraviolet)
Smell
Taste

Question 28

Endocrine system has how many functions? What are they?

Answer 28

Slow communication within body using hormones released into the blood

Regulation of many important physiological processes.

Question 29

The physiological processes of growth, behavior, hunger, and urine output are related to which system?

Answer 29

Endocrine system

Question 30

Hormones’ are the form of which system?

Answer 30

Endocrine system

Question 31

The protection of the body from foreign invasions via cellular/molecular means is a part of which system?

Answer 31

Immune system

Question 32

What is the form the immune system takes one?

Answer 32

White blood cells and other dedicated cells.