syndromen/ziektes/Disorders Flashcards
orofacial dyspraxia
impaired ability to perform coordination movements required for speech
hemianopia
cortical blindness restricted to 1 half of the visual field (damage in V1 in 1 hemisphere)
scotoma
small region of cortical blindness
quandrantanopia
cortical blindness restricted to a quarter of the visual field
blindsight
symptom in which patient denies having seen a visual stimulus even though behavior implies that stimulus was in fact seen
achromatopsia
brain damage that impairs color perception
akinetopsia
brain damage that impairs movement perception
apperceptive agnosia
failure to understand the meaning of objects due to a deficit at the level of object perception
associative agnosia
failure to understand meaning of objects due to deficit at level of semantic memory
integrative agnosia
failure to integrate parts into wholes in visual perception
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize previously familiar faces
Parkinson’s disease
hypokinetic disorder of the basal ganglia (poverty of movement)
Huntington’s disease
hyperkinetic disorder of the basal ganglia (excess of movement)
semantic dementia
progressive loss of information from semantic memory
dysgraphia
difficulties in spelling & writing
classical single dissociation
when patient performs entirely normal on task B compared to control group
strong single dissociation
when patient is impaired on both tasks but significantly more impaired on one
syndrome
a cluster of different symptoms that are believed to be related in some meaningful way
single dissociation
situation in which a patient is impaired on task A but relatively spared on task B
congenital amusia
tone-deafness = developmental difficulty in perceiving pitch-relationships
pure word deafness
type of auditory agnosia in which patients are able to identify environmental sounds & music bot not speech
inattentional blindness
failure to be aware of visual stimulus because attention is directed away from it
change blindness
failure to notice (dis)appearance of objects between 2 alternating images
hemispatial neglect
failure to attend to stimuli on the opposite side of space to a brain lesion
pseudo neglect
over-attention to the left side of space in a non-lesioned brain
simultanagnosia
inability to perceive more than 1 object at a time
hemiplegia
damage to 1 side of primary motor cortex results in a failure to voluntarily move other side of the body
optic ataxia
inability to use vision ta accurately guide action without basic deficits in visual discrimination or voluntary movement per se
ideomotor apraxia
inability to produce appropriate gestures given an object, word or command
Tourette’s syndrome
hyperkinetic disorder: neuropsychiatric disorder with an onset in childhood characterized by the presence of motor &/ vocal tics
amnesia
difficulty memorizing & remembering events
confabulation
false memory that is sometimes self-contradictory without an intention to lie
Wernicke’s aphasia
aphasia associated with damage to Wernicke’s area & linked to fluent but nonsensical speech & poor comprehension
Broca’s aphasia
aphasia associated with damage to Broca’s area & linked to symptoms: agrammatism & articulatory deficits
agrammatism
halting, “telegraphic” speech production that is devoid of function words, bound morphemes& often verbs
Freudian slip
substitution of one word for another that is sometimes though to reflect the hidden intentions of the speaker
spoonerisms
speech error in which initial consonants are swapped between words
malapropisms
speech error that consists of a word with a similar phonological form to the intended word
anomia
word-finding difficulties
apraxia for speech
difficulties in shaping the vocal tract
dysarthria
impaired muscular contractions of the articulatory apparatus
pure alexia
type of peripheral dyslexia= difficulty in reading words in which reading time ↑ proportionally to the length of the word (letter-by-letter reading)
peripheral dyslexia
disruption of reading arising up to the level of computation of a visual word form
central dyslexia
disruption of reading arising after computation of a visual word form
surface dyslexia
form of acquired central dyslexia: ability to read nonwords & regularly spelled words better than irregularly spelled words → lexical-semantic route impaired
phonological dyslexia
form of acquired central dyslexia: ability to read real words better than nonwords → grapheme-phoneme route impaired
deep dyslexia
form of acquired central dyslexia: real words are read better than nonwords & semantic errors are made in reading →both routes impaired
developmental dyslexia
problems in literacy acquisition that cannot be attributed to lack of opportunity/basic sensory deficits
surface dysgraphia
acquired dysgraphia: patienets better at spelling regularly spelled words & nonwords and are poor with irregularly spelled words
phonological dysgraphia
acquired dysgraphia: able to spell real words better than nonwords
deep dysgraphia
acquired dysgraphia: impaired in both routes
sociopathy
= anti-social personality disorder
= personality disorder associated with irresponsible & unreliable behaviour that is not personally advantageous
- inability to form lasting commitments or relationships
- egocentric thinking
- marked degree of impulsivity
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
unusual tameness & emotional blunting; tendency to examine objects with the mouth; dietary changes after bilateral amygdala &temporal lesions in monkeys
Capgras syndrome
paople report that their acquaintances have been replaced by ‘body doubles’
autism
presence of markedly abnormal/imaired development in social interaction & communication & a markedly restricted repertoire of activities & interests
