H12 The speaking brain

Question 1

phonological lexicon

Answer 1

store of the abstract speech sounds that make up known words

Question 2

lexical access

Answer 2

process of matching perceptual description of a word onto stored memory description

Question 3

cohort model

Answer 3

large number of spoken words are initially considered as candidates but words get eliminated as more evidence accumulates (in lexical access)

Question 4

uniqueness point

Answer 4

point at which acoustic input unambiguously corresponds to 1 word

Question 5

imageability

Answer 5

extent to which a word can evoke a concrete image

Question 6

N400

Answer 6

event-related component in EEG found when a word meaning appears out of context or unexpectedly
(↓peak at around 400 ms after onset of a word)

Question 7

phonemes

Answer 7

categorical representations that distinguish between the sounds of different words

Question 8

amodal

Answer 8

not tied to one or more perceptual systems (in semantic memory)

Question 9

symbol grounding problem

Answer 9

problem of defining concepts without assuming some preexisting knowledge

Question 10

embodied cognition

Answer 10

idea that the body can be used in cognition (understanding words, social situations)

Question 11

pattern-completion

Answer 11

process of activating one property triggers activity in other parts of the network

Question 12

hub-and-spoke model

Answer 12

model of semantic memory that contains both amodal concepts (“the hub”) &semantic features grounded in the sensory, motor & bodily cortex (the “spokes”)

Question 13

sensory-functional distinction

Answer 13

hypothesis that semantic features are clustered according to what they are used for & their physical properties

Question 14

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 14

aphasia associated with damage to Wernicke’s area & linked to fluent but nonsensical speech & poor comprehension

Question 15

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 15

aphasia associated with damage to Broca’s area & linked to symptoms: agrammatism & articulatory deficits

Question 16

agrammatism

Answer 16

halting, “telegraphic” speech production that is devoid of function words, bound morphemes& often verbs

Question 17

parsing

Answer 17

process of assigning a syntactic structure to words

Question 18

garden-path sentences

Answer 18

sentence in which the early part biases a syntactic interpretation that turns out to be incorrect

Question 19

P600

Answer 19

ERP typically associated with the processing of grammatical anomalies (↑ deflection occurring at around 600ms after word)

Question 20

lexicalization

Answer 20

selection of a word based on the meaning that one wishes to convey (in speech production)

Question 21

Freudian slip

Answer 21

substitution of one word for another that is sometimes though to reflect the hidden intentions of the speaker

Question 22

spoonerisms

Answer 22

speech error in which initial consonants are swapped between words

Question 23

malapropisms

Answer 23

speech error that consists of a word with a similar phonological form to the intended word

Question 24

inner speech

Answer 24

use of words or images without audible/physical speaking

Question 25

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 25

state in which a person knows conceptually the word they wish to say but is unable to retrieve corresponding spoken form

Question 26

anomia

Answer 26

word-finding difficulties

Question 27

lemma

Answer 27

modality-independent, word-level entry that specifies the syntactic components of the word

Question 28

lexeme

Answer 28

phonological code that drives articulation

Question 29

apraxia for speech

Answer 29

difficulties in shaping the vocal tract

Question 30

dysarthria

Answer 30

impaired muscular contractions of the articulatory apparatus