H8 The hearing brain

Question 1

pure tones

Answer 1

sounds with a sinusoid waveform (when pressure change is plotted against time)

Question 2

pitch

Answer 2

the perceived property of sounds that enables them to be ordered from low to high

Question 3

loudness

Answer 3

perceived intensity of sound in dB

Question 4

fundamental frequency

Answer 4

laagste frequentie van een noot opgebouwd met verschillende boventonen

Question 5

missing fundamental phenomenon

Answer 5

when fundamental freq is removed, the pitch is not perceived to change

Question 6

timbre

Answer 6

verschil in klank van een zelfde noot door het spelen op verschillende instrumenten

Question 7

cochlea

Answer 7

part of inner ear that converts liquid-borne sound→neural impulses

Question 8

basilar membrane

Answer 8

membrane within cochlea containing tiny hair cells linked to neural receptors

Question 9

primary auditory cortex (A1)

Answer 9

main cortical area to receive auditory-based thalamic input

Question 10

belt region

Answer 10

part of A2 with many projections from A1

Question 11

parabelt reion

Answer 11

part of A2 receiving projections from adjacent belt region

Question 12

tonotopic organization

Answer 12

principle that sounds close to each other in freq are represented by neurons that are spatially close to each other in the brain

Question 13

sparse scanning

Answer 13

short break in fMRI scanning to enable sounds to be presented in relative silence

Question 14

auditory dorsal route

Answer 14

‘how’ and ‘where’ route

Question 15

auditory ventral route

Answer 15

‘what’ route

Question 16

inter-aural time difference

Answer 16

difference in timing between a sound arriving in each ear (to localize sounds)

Question 17

inter-aural intensity difference

Answer 17

difference in loudness between a sound arriving in each ear (to localize sounds)

Question 18

head-related transfer function (HRTF)

Answer 18

internal model of sounds get distorted by unique shape of ears & head

Question 19

planum temporale

Answer 19

part of auditory cortex that integrates auditory info with non-auditory info

Question 20

auditory stream segregation

Answer 20

division of a complex auditory signal into different sources of auditory objects

Question 21

mismatch negativity (MMN)

Answer 21

ERP component that occurs when auditory stimulus deviates from previously presented stimuli

Question 22

cocktail party problem

Answer 22

problem of attending to single auditory stream in presence of competing streams

Question 23

congenital amusia

Answer 23

tone-deafness = developmental difficulty in perceiving pitch-relationships

Question 24

prosody

Answer 24

changes in emphasis, rhythms of speech, intonation

Question 25

melody

Answer 25

patterns of pitch over time

Question 26

pure word deafness

Answer 26

type of auditory agnosia in which patients are able to identify environmental sounds & music bot not speech

Question 27

motor theory of speech perception

Answer 27

theory that auditory signal is matched onto motor representations for producing one’s own speech

Question 28

mirror neurons

Answer 28

neurons that respond when the subject makes a gesture/sight and sound of gestures in other people

Question 29

arcuate fasciculus

Answer 29

white matter bundle that connects temporoparietal region to frontal lobes

Question 30

posterior STS

Answer 30

multisensory region that links auditory to visual speech

Question 31

McGurk illusion

Answer 31

auditory percept derived from a fusion of mismatching heard & seen speech