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Biology 116 > Synapses and Sensory Receptors > Flashcards

Synapses and Sensory Receptors Flashcards

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1
Q

electrical synapse

A

current flows directly from cell to cell; less common

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2
Q

chemical synapse

A

most common

  1. AP reaches terminals of presynaptic cell
  2. presynaptic cell releases neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft (~20 nm wide)
  3. response in post synaptic cell
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3
Q

signaling across a chemical synapse

A

presynaptic cell cell synthesizes NT and stores them in synaptic vesicles

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4
Q

when AP reaches synaptic terminal

A
  • VG Ca2+ channels open -> Ca2+ enters
  • some synaptic vesicles fuse with PM
  • NT released into synaptic cleft
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5
Q

acetylcholine

A

muscle stimulation and memory learning

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6
Q

glutatmate

A

AA, important in brain

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7
Q

dopamine

A

level in brain affects mood

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8
Q

endorphins

A

pain regulation

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9
Q

post synaptic potentials

A

change in membrane potential of post synaptic cells

-triggered by ligand-gated ion channel

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10
Q

ligand

A

something that binds

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11
Q

what the types of post synaptic potentials?

A
  • excitatory (EPSP) - depolarizes

- inhibitory (IPSP) - hyperpolarizes

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12
Q

summation of post synaptic potentials

A
  • addition of all excitatory and inhibitory signals
  • often 100s of synaptic terminals on one dendrite or cell body
  • many signals (some excitatory, some inhibitory)
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13
Q

temporal summation

A

2+ signals arrive at the SAME synapse (E1) in rapid succession -> 2nd arrives before MP resets

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14
Q

spatial summation

A

2+ signals arrive at same time, at DIFFERENT synapses (E1 and E2), on the same post synaptic neuron

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15
Q

EPSP and IPSP interactions

A
  • axon hillock - neuron’s intergration site
  • MP at AH = summed effect of all: inhibitory IPSPs and excitatory EPSPs
  • if this sum = threshold -> AP
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16
Q

neuronal plasticity

A

capacity fro the NS to be remodeled

-synaptic connection b/w neurons are modified -> response to use or lack of use

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17
Q

brain remodeling

A
  • during development, neurons form more synapses than needed

- throughout life, synapses are constantly remodeled

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18
Q

what is neuronal plasticity critical to?

A

memory and learning

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19
Q

hippocampus

A

forms temporary links with LTM -> esssential for acquiring memories (into STM), but not for maintaining them (in LTM)

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20
Q

LTM

A

info stored in cerebral cortex

-temporary links replaced by permanent connections

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21
Q

LTP

A

lasting increase in strength of synaptic transmissions

-fundamental process of memory storage and learning

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22
Q

LTP in presynaptic neuron

A
  • 2 conditions must be met to establish LTP
    1. high-frequency series of APs
    2. those APs arrive at terminal when post synaptic neurons is already depolarized from another stimulus
23
Q

why does LTP require context?

A

strengthens synapse only when its activity coincides with another synapse

24
Q

LTP in post synaptic neuron`

A
  • 2 types of receptors: NDMA receptors and AMPA receptors

- both are ligand-gated ion channel; open when something specific binds to it - here, the ligand = NT glutamate

25
Q

before LTP

A
  • NMDA receptors are already embedded in membrane
  • AP in presynaptic neuron -> glutamate released into synapse
  • glutamate (ligand) opens NMDA receptors
  • but its BLOCKED by Mg2+ -> no membrane depolarization
26
Q

establishing LTP

A

at same time:

  • depolarization from one synapse -> Mg2+ released from NMDA receptor
  • glutamate released into a different synapse -> Glutamate (ligand) opens NMDA receptors -> Na+, Ca2+ flow in (not a lot, but some)
  • influx of Ca2+ causes stored AMPA receptors to be embedded in membrane
  • similar to up-regulation in endocrine system
27
Q

exhibiting LTP

A
  • AP in presynaptic neuron -> glutamate released into synpase
  • glutamate opens AMPA receptors -> influx of Na+ -> depolarization
  • depolarization removed Mg2+ from NMDA receptor -> influx of more Na+ and Ca2+ -> depolarization reaches threshold -> AP
28
Q

sensory pathways

A
  • senses provide info about surroundings and body

- info processed by CNS -> appropriate response

29
Q

types of sensory receptors

A

characterized by type of stimulus

  • chemoreceptors: stimulus = specific molecules
  • mechanoreceptors: stimulus = physical change from touch, motion, sound
30
Q

what are the receptors for our senses

A
  • taste - chemoreceptor in tongue
  • smell - chemoreceptor in nose
  • touch - mechanoreceptor in skin
  • hearing - mechanoreceptor in ears (hair cells)
  • vision - photoreceptors in retinas
31
Q

what are the four basic steps of sensory processing

A
  1. sensory reception
  2. sensory transduction
  3. transmission
  4. perception
32
Q

sensory reception

A

sensory detects change; often sense organ - receptors and associated cells -e.g. eyes

33
Q

sensory transduction

A

E of stimulus is converted (transduced)

  • receptor potential: change in MP of receptor cell
  • stronger stimulus -> greater change
34
Q

transmission

A
  • sensory info travels as AP: receptor -> afferent neuron -> brain
  • unstimulated receptor - at RP
  • stimulated receptor - depolarized -> triggers AP
  • larger receptor potential -> more frequent APs
35
Q

perception

A
  • brain processes info

- exists only in brain ( if a tree falls …)

36
Q

taste and smell in terrestrial animals

A
  • taste - chemoreceptors detect tastants

- smell - chemoreceptors detect odorants

37
Q

taste and smell in aquatic animals

A

taste and smell, no distinction in water

38
Q

integration of taste and smell

A
  • neuronal pathway independent

- but flavor complexity mostly due to smell; mouth and nasal passages connected -> chewing releases odorants

39
Q

gustation

A
  • sense of taste
  • 1 papilla on the tongue contains many taste buds
  • 1 taste bud contains many taste cells (sensory receptor cells)
40
Q

tastants and taste cells

A

each taste bud contains taste cells to detect all 5 tastant types (sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami)

41
Q

taste cell receptors

A

taste cells with G protein-coupled receptors

  • sweet - one receptor type
  • umami - one receptor type
  • bitter - 30 receptor types
42
Q

taste cells with ion channels opened by tastants directly

A
  • sour - similar to capsaicin and other thermoreceptors

- salty - sodium channels

43
Q

taste sensory reception

A

tastants enter taste pore, bind to receptor for that tastant

44
Q

taste sensory transduction

A
  • if tastant is sweet, bitter or umami, binding activates G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)
  • if tastant is sour or salty, binding opens channels directly
45
Q

taste transmission

A

open ion channels -> depolarization in taste cell -> AP -> signal to afferent neurons -> signal to brain

46
Q

perception

A
  • brains integrates APs into taste perception

- perception is unique to individual

47
Q

olfaction

A
  • sense of smell

- biggest difference from gustation: sensory cells in the nose are ALSO the afferent neurons

48
Q

olfactory receptor cells

A
  • sensory cells/neurons
  • line upper nasal cavity
  • odorants bind to cilia in nasal cavity
  • send APs along axon to olfactory bulb in the brain
49
Q

odorants

A
  • each odorant is structurally distinct (Humans can distinguish 1000s of different odorants)
  • each olfactory receptor cell responds to one specific odorants (always via GPCR); each odorant stimulates a distinct part of olfactory bulb
50
Q

odorant sensory reception

A

odorants bind to receptor on cilia of olfactory receptor cells

51
Q

odorant sensory transduction

A

same as tastants (sweet, bitter and umami), but this time instead of tastants, its odorants

52
Q

odorant transmission

A

depolarization in olfactory receptor cell/afferent neuron -> APs conducted along its axon -> signal to brain

53
Q

odorant perception

A
  • brain integrates signals -> smell perception

- interprets type, location, intensity of smell

Biology 116 (19 decks)

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