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Biology 116 > Plant Physiology > Flashcards

Plant Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

name the systems in the plant organization

A

root system and shoot system

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2
Q

name the organs in the plant organization

A

roots, stems, leaves

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3
Q

what is so special about tissue systems?

A

they are unique to plants

  • each organ consists of ALL 3 systems
  • continuous throughout plant
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4
Q

shoot system

A

above ground (stems, leaves, flowers, fruit)

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5
Q

root system

A

below ground (root)

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6
Q

what are the functions for the root system?

A
  • anchor to ground
  • absorb minerals and water
  • store carbs (and other reserves)
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7
Q

root hairs

A
  • thin, finger-like extensions of root epidermal cells

- primarily near tip of elongated roots

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8
Q

stems

A
  • plant organs bearing leaves and buds
  • elongate and orient shoot to maximize photosynthesis
  • elevate reproductive structures-increase pollen and seed dispersal
  • green stems- limited photosynthesis
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9
Q

leaves

A
  • main photosynthetic organ in vascular plants

- capture light, gas exchange

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10
Q

dermal tissue system

A
  • outer protective covering

- 1st line of defense against physical damage, pathogens

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11
Q

what do herbaceous (nonwoody) plants have?

A

epidermis - single layer of tightly packed cells

cuticle - waxy coating - helps prevent water loss

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12
Q

what do woody plants have?

A

periderm (bark) replaces epidermis

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13
Q

what are the functions of dermal tissue?

A
  • reduce water loss
  • defend against insects
  • root hairs: absorb water and minerals
  • guard cells
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14
Q

what are guard cells?

A
  • specialized cells in leaves
  • regulate gas exchange
  • open close stomata
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15
Q

ground tissue system

A
  • most of plant

- includes cells specialized for: storage, photosynthesis, support, short distance transport

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16
Q

vascular tissue system

A
  • transport materials throughout plant body
  • mechanical support
  • xylem and phloem
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17
Q

xylem

A

conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots

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18
Q

phloem

A

transports sugars from where made (mostly leaves) to where needed (usually roots ands sites of growth)

19
Q

cohesion-tension hypothesis

A

when stomata open, water evaporates out of leaves = transpiration

cohesion creates tension (within the xylem) - like a soda straw

  • water in stem xylem is pulled into leaves
  • water in root xylem is pulled into stem
20
Q

sequence water movement through xylem

A

soil -> root tissue -> root xylem -> stem xylem -> leaf xylem -> leaf ground tissue -> stomata -> atmosphere

21
Q

how does phloem conduct dissolved sugar

A

translocation - bidirectional movement

  • moves source -> sink
  • made in leaves -> stored in root
  • stored in roots-> throughout plant for growth and maintenance
22
Q

source

A

area w/ excess sugar (e.g. leaf)

23
Q

sink

A

area of storage or metabolism (e.g. roots)

24
Q

pressure-flow hypothesis

A
  • explanation for movements of sugars in phloem

- suggests translocation occurs via pressure gradient

25
Q

how does pressure-flow hypothesis explain movement at source?

A

at source - high pressure - sugar loaded/pushed into phloem

26
Q

how does pressure-flow hypothesis explain movement at sink?

A

at sink - low pressure - sugar pushed out of phloem

27
Q

plasmodesmata

A
  • cytoplasmic connections between plant cells

- allows molecules and ions to pass between cells

28
Q

indeterminate growth

A
  • occurs throughout life of plant
  • continuous expect for dormant periods
  • keep growing due to perpetually dividing, unspecialized tissue
  • growth at meristem
29
Q

primary growth

A
  • all plants

- increase length by adding more cells

30
Q

secondary growth

A
  • only woody plants

- increase girth (circumference) of plant

31
Q

hormones

A

organic compounds, act as chemical messengers

  • control specific physiological responses in plants
  • aka plant growth regulators
  • hormones interact - hard to tell the cause (s) of one effect
32
Q

tropisms

A

directional growth response to an environmental stimulus - often due to hormones

33
Q

directional (postive)

A

grows toward stimulus

34
Q

direction (negative)

A

grows away stimulus

35
Q

what is the difference between taxis and tropism?

A

taxis - movement in response to stimulus

tropism - growth in response to stimulus

36
Q

auxins

A
  • 1st plant hormone discovered
  • causes directional growth towards light
  • group of natural and artificial hormones (many synthetic)
  • triggers cell elongation
  • main site of production: shoot -> root
37
Q

sequence phototropism

A

light exposure -> auxin produced at tip -> auxin moves to shaded side, then down stem -> shaded side elongates -> plant bends towards light

38
Q

what are some practical applications for auxins?

A
  • herbicides
    (1) synthetic auxins: 2, 4-D, 2, 4, 5-T
    (2) Agent Orange: 50/50 mix

-can be sprayed to induce fruit development

39
Q

cytokinins

A
  • control of cell division and differentiation
  • produced in actively growing tissue (roots, embryos, fruit …)
  • stimulate cytokinesis (where they got their name0 but only WITH AUXIN
40
Q

explain the experiment done with Auxin

A

cultured ground tissue

  • no cytokinin -> cells got bigger
  • cytokinin -> cells got bigger
  • cytokinin and auxin - cells divided
41
Q

abscisic acid (ABA)

A
  • not related to abscission (falling of leaves)
  • maintains seed dormancy
  • increases likelihood that seed only germinates under suitable conditions
  • spring rainstorm -> ABA washed out -> seed germinates
42
Q

ethylene (C2H4)

A
  • unique among plant hormones
  • promotes fruit ripening
  • also causes triple response to mechanical stress
  • produced when growing shoot encounters obstacle
43
Q

triple response

A

behavior to avoid obstacles

44
Q

what are the three components to ethylene

A
  • slow elongation
  • thicken stem
  • curve, grow horizontally

Biology 116 (19 decks)

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