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Biology 116 > Plant Diversity I > Flashcards

Plant Diversity I Flashcards

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1
Q

how did land plants evolve?

A

from ancestral green algae

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2
Q

streptophytes

A
  • charophytes and land plants
  • monophyletic
  • modern charophytes - sister taxon to land plants (embryophytes)
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3
Q

where do streptophytes live and is it always wet or dry?

A
  • many live at edges of ponds

- sometimes dries out -> selection favors survival on dry land

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4
Q

what are the derived traits of streptophytes?

A
  • sporopollenin: layer of polymer, surrounds zygote, prevents desiccation
  • similar adaptations in plant spores
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5
Q

what DTs do streptophytes, modern charophytes and land plants have in common?

A
  • rings of cellulose, synthesizing proteins
  • structure of flagellated sperm
  • cell plate
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6
Q

list the derived traits of land plants

A
  1. alternation of generations
  2. Multicellular Dependent Embryo
  3. Walled Spores Produced in Sporangia
  4. Multicellular Gametangia
  5. Apical Meristems
  6. Cuticle
  7. Stomata

Aaliyah Must Win Most Apples Cause She’s *starving

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7
Q

Alternation of Generations

A
  • Haploid gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis
  • DIploid sporophyte produces spores by meiosis

2 multicellular stages, 2 unicellular stages

gametophyte (n) -> mitosis -> gametes (n) -> fertilization -> zygote (2n) -> mitosis -> sporophyte (2n) -> meiosis -> spores (n) -> mitosis -> gametophyte (n)

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8
Q

Multicellular, Dependent Embryo

A

2n embryo (-> sporophyte) retained within tissue of female gametophyte (n)

  • nutrients transferred to embryo through transfer cells
  • (why land plants sometimes called “embryophytes”)
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9
Q

Walled Spores Produced in Sporangia (Sporangia, Sporocytes and Spores)

A
  • sporangia: multicellular organs on sporophyte where spores are produced
  • sporocytes: diploid cells in sporangia, undergo meiosis -> haploid spores
  • spores: haploid reproductive cells (spore wall contains sporopollenin) [resistant to hard conditions]
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10
Q

Multicellular Gametangia

A
  • organs on gameteophyte where gametes are produced

- 2 types of gametangia: Archegonia and Antheridia

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11
Q

what are the two types of gametangia?

A
  • archegonia: produce eggs, site of fertilization

- antheridia: produce and release sperm

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12
Q

Apical Meristems

A

localized regions of cell division at tips of roots and shoots
-cells differentiate from apical meristems

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13
Q

Cuticle

A
  • waxy covering over all above-ground parts
  • benefits: prevents desiccation, provides some protection from microbes
  • costs: does not allow for gas exchange
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14
Q

Stomata

A

(singular = stoma)

  • tiny openings on surface
  • can open and close
  • allow gas exchange
  • allow water evaporation
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15
Q

how are extant plants grouped?

A

based on vascular tissue

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16
Q

vascular tissue

A

transports water and nutrients

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17
Q

nonvascular plants

A
  • bryophytes (bryophyta): mosses and relatives
  • basal Land plants
  • lack specialized vascular systems/transport tissue (rely on diffusion, osmosis -> typically small, require moist environment for: getting water to all cells and reproduction [sperm swim to egg])
  • paraphyletic
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18
Q

vascular plants

A
  • seedless and seed plants

- seedless vascular plants: Ferns and related plants

19
Q

seed plants

A

majority of extant plant species

20
Q

seed

A

embryo with supply of nutrients with protective coat

21
Q

gymnosperms

A
  • “naked seed”
  • seeds not enclosed in a chamber
  • ex: conifers
22
Q

angiosperms

A
  • “container” seeds
  • flowering plants
  • seeds enclosed in fruit (peach)
  • most dominant type of plant
23
Q

gametophyte (n)

A

gamete-forming plant

24
Q

sporophyte (2n)

A

spore-forming plant

25
Q

sporangium

A

spore-producing structure

26
Q

what is the moss life cycle

A

alternation of generations - haploid dominant

27
Q

moss life cycle (haploid)

A

male
spore ->mitosis-> male gametophyte->mitosis in antheridium->sperm->swim-> egg in archegonium

female
spore->mitosis->female gametophyte->mitosis in archegonium->egg in archegonium

28
Q

moss life cycle (diploid)

A

egg in archegonium (n)->fertilization->zygote->mitosis->sporophyte->meiosis in sporangium->spore

29
Q

what is the importance of mosses?

A
  • extremely common
  • can colonize bare, sandy soil
  • sometimes harbor N-fixing bacteria (help retain N in soil)
  • Peat
30
Q

Peat

A

partially decayed organic matter

  • peat moss is important component
  • important fuel source
  • important C reservoir (3% of Earth’s surface by ~30% of C in soil)
31
Q

vascular plants

A
  • earliest fossil ~425 mya

- dominant today

32
Q

list the derived traits of vascular plants

A
  1. sporophyte dominant
  2. transport in vascular tissue
  3. roots
  4. leaves
  5. sporophylls
  6. spore variations (homo- and heterosporous)
33
Q

lignin

A

polymer in cell walls of water-conducting cells of xylem

34
Q

xylem

A

tube that conducts water and minerals - contain lignin

35
Q

phloem

A

tube that conducts sugars, AAs, and organic products

36
Q

sporophyte dominant

A

larger, independent of gametophyte

37
Q

transport in vascular tissue

A

don’t have to be flat anymore (enables tall growth [outcompete shorter plants for light, better spore dispersal])
-lignin, xylem and phloem

38
Q

roots

A

organs that absorb water and nutrients from soil, anchor plants -> allow for taller growth

39
Q

leaves

A

main photosynthetic organs, more SA

40
Q

sporophylls

A

modified leaves with sporangia

  • very diverse
  • ferns: leaves with sori
  • gymnosperms-cones
41
Q

spore variations

A

2 forms of spore production

homosporous: 1 type of sporangium produces one type of spore
- most seedless vascular plants
- sporangium->meiosis->spore->mitosis->bisexual gametophyte (produces both egg and sperm)

heterosporous: 2 types of sporangia producing 2 spore types
- megasporangium->meiosis->megaspores->mitosis->female gametophyte->mitosis->egg
- microsporangium->meiosis->microspores->mitosis->male gametophyte->mitosis->sperm

42
Q

seedless vascular plants

A
  • paraphyletic
  • 2 clades- Ferns (monilophytes) and related plants
  • many are epiphytes, use other plants as substrate, not parasitic (grow on surface of trees)
43
Q

fern life cycle

A
  1. homosporous spore production
  2. spores grow into free-living bisexual photosynthetic gametophyte
  3. gametophyte develops antheridia and archegonia
  4. sperm and egg produced at different times - prevents self-fertilization
  5. flagellated sperm swim to egg -> fertilization (requires water)
  6. zygote grows in sporophyte, grows out of archengonium
  7. spores produced via meiosis in sori: clusters of sporangia under leaves

Biology 116 (19 decks)

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