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Biology 116 > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

what appeared first: fungi or plants on land?

A

fungi

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2
Q

what was green slime terrestrial life like, and what did it come before?

A

cyanobacteria, algae and small heterotrophs (fungi).

came before plants

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3
Q

state the SDTs for Fungi

A

absorptive heterotrophy and chitinous cell wall

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4
Q

absorptive heterotrophy

A
  1. hyphae secrete hydrolases (hydrolytic enzymes)
  2. hydrolase externally digest polymers into monomers
  3. hyphar absorb small organic molecules
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5
Q

chitinous cell wall

A

chitin- N-containing polysaccharide

  • strong and flexible
  • very durable
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6
Q

spores

A
  • haploid
  • sexual or asexual
  • non-motile
  • land in moist place with food -> germinates -> new mycelium
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7
Q

what are spore produced by?

A

aerial hyphae - specialized to increase spore dispersal

fruiting bodies - complex, multicellular reproductive structure

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8
Q

fungal mating

A
  1. hyphae (n) release and detect pheromones
  2. hyphae extend towards source of other pheromones
  3. if different mating types, meet and fuse cytoplasm
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9
Q

what happens after plasmogamy?

A

heterokaryon divides and grows (w/ 2 types of nuclei/cell) via mitosis

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10
Q

what are the two main types of asexual species?

A
  • filamentous fungi; spores via mitosis

- single-celled yeast- spores via cell division or budding

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11
Q

decomposers

A
  • break down organic material (including cellulose and lignin)
  • essential - recycle inorganic nutrients
  • no decomposers, no life
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12
Q

mutualists

A
  • absorb nutrients from host, provide some benefit to them
  • fungus
  • mycorrhiza
  • endophytes: inside leaves (deter herbivores)
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13
Q

mycorrhiza

A
  • mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots
  • mycorrihizal fungi more efficient than plant root at getting soil nutrients
  • deliver phosphate ions and minerals to plants
  • plants supply fungi with organic nutrients such as carbs
  • most vascular plants have mycorrhizae
  • Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi - extend hyphae through cell walls of root cells and into tubes by invagination of the root cell membrane
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14
Q

parasites

A
  • plants: chestnut blight (enters crack in bark, hyphae spread throughout)
  • mycosis: fungal infection in an animal
  • ringworm, athlete’s foot, systemic mycosis
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15
Q

zombie brain fungus

A

cordyceps

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16
Q

what are the practical uses of fungi?

A
  • consumption
    (1) morels and truffles
    (2) blue/bleu cheese
    (3) yeasts ferment sugars into CO2 and alcohol
  • Sacchcaromyces Cerevisiae (Yeast) used as model organisms for eukaryotic genetics
  • medical: antibiotic production
17
Q

chytrids

A
  • phylum Chytridiomycota
  • terrestrial, freshwater, marine
  • unique flagellated spores -> zoospores (ancestral, character state)
  • other fungal spores lack flagella - derived character state
  • molecular evidence indicates early divergence - basal taxon
18
Q

zygomycetes

A

-phylum zygomyceta
produce zygospores
-mostly decomposers in soil
-Rhizopus Stolonifer - black bread mold

19
Q

Glomeromycetes

A
  • phylum glomeromycota
  • produce glomerospores
  • often arbuscular mycorrhizae with roots >80% of plant species
20
Q

ascomycetes

A
  • phlyum ascomycota
  • produce ascospores
  • “sac fungi”
  • largest # of known species
  • very diverse- uni- and multicellular
  • pencillium morels and truffles, Baker’s/Brewer’s yeast, component of lichens
21
Q

basidomycetes

A
  • phylum basidiomycetes
  • produce basidiospores
  • many familiar decomposers (bracket fungi, puff balls, wheat rust, corn smut)
  • edible mushrooms
  • all sexual
22
Q

lichens

A
  • fungus and photosynthetic microorganism (usually an ascomycete with a green algae)
  • provides habitat for microbe growth
  • protection, retain water and nutrients
  • can grow on rocks, tree, and roots
  • fungi + cyanobacteria
  • fungi + green algae

Biology 116 (19 decks)

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