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Biology 116 > Nervous System Organization > Flashcards

Nervous System Organization Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the big picture of the nervous system?

A

enable organisms to sense and react to the environment.

  • has been evolving for billions of years
  • increase survival and reproduction in changing environments
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2
Q

cnidarians

A
  • simplest animals with NS
  • nerve net: interconnected neurons for movement
  • NO CENTRAL CONTROL ORGAN
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3
Q

echinoderms

A
  • nerve ring: central control structure

- signal radial nerve (signals muscles)

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4
Q

bilateria

A
  • lots of variation
  • Platyhelminthes (Planarians)
  • anterior end; eyespots for detecting light and brain
  • ladder-type NS; 2 longitudinal nerve cords and transverse nerves (“rungs”)

Annelids and Arthopods

  • more complex brain
  • ganglia: segmentally arranged clusters of neurons
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5
Q

vertebrates (NS)

A

CNS- brain and spinal cord

PNS - nerves and ganglia

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6
Q

chiton

A

slowing moving -> simple

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7
Q

squid

A

fast moving -> complex

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8
Q

what is special about chiton and squid?

A

they are both molluscs, but they live different lifestyles

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9
Q

neuron

A

basic functional unity of NS

-conduct electrical signals, integrate info

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10
Q

neuron anatomy

A
  • cell body: contains organells and nucleus

- dendrites (=”trees”); cytoplasmic extension from cell body - usually many and short, receive info

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11
Q

axons

A
  • also cytoplasmic extensions from cell body - but usually one and long
  • send info
  • axon hillock: base of axon - where signals are generated
  • synaptic terminals: end of axon - often branched
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12
Q

glia

A
  • non-neuron cells of the NS

- MANY functions; neuron support, protections, maintenance, embryonic NS development

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13
Q

myelin sheath

A

bundles of insulation around axons - faster signaling

  • in CNS: produced by oligodendrocytes
  • in PNS: produced by Schwann Cells
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14
Q

radial glia

A

form tracks in developing embryos; help newly formed neurons migrate from neural tube

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15
Q

CNS

A
  • contains interneurons -responsible for integration and process of info
  • gray matter - mostly neuron cell bodies
  • white matter - mostly bundled axons
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16
Q

brain

A
  • ventricles with cerebrospinal fluid
  • white matter (axons) inside
  • gray matter (cell bodies) outside
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17
Q

spinal cord

A
  • within spine

- links brain and rest of NS

18
Q

spinal cord structure

A
  • small central canal with cerebrospinal fluid
  • gray matter surround canal - inside
  • white matter surrounds gray - outside
19
Q

spinal cord functions

A
  • transmit impulses to/from brain
  • reflex actions: rapid, involuntary response to stimulus
  • ex: knee-jerk reflex; quad stretched unexpectedly -> helps you stay upright
20
Q

PNS

A
  • all remaining nervous tissue not part of CNS
  • transmit info to/from CNS
  • includes nerves: axons of many neurons held together with connective tissue`
21
Q

what do sensory receptors do?

A

they detect stimuli

22
Q

afferent neurons

A

send info from sensory receptor -> CNS

23
Q

what are the two types of senses

A

visceral and somatic

24
Q

visceral

A

not aware of - BP, thyroid hormone levels

25
Q

somatic

A

are aware of - vision

26
Q

efferent neurons

A

CNS -> effectors: no receptors

27
Q

what are the two target systems of efferent neurons?

A

motor system and autonomic nervous system

28
Q

motor system

A
  • efferent neurons -> skeletal muscle
  • voluntary and reflexes
  • no receptors
29
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • efferent neurons -> glands, heart, smooth muscle

- what CNS controls that we are not aware of

30
Q

what are the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • enteric: controls digestive tract, pancreas, gall bladder
  • parasympathetic: “rest and digest”
  • sympathetic: “fight or flight”
31
Q

what are the three broad regions/categories of the vertebrate brain

A

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

32
Q

forebrain

A

sensory input, learning, complex processing

33
Q

midbrain

A

coordinates routing on sensory input

34
Q

hindbrain

A

involuntary activities

35
Q

cerebrum

A
  • derived from forebrain
  • most prominent part of brain
  • voluntary movement
  • learning, emotion, memory, perception
36
Q

divisions of the cerebrum

A
  • right/left hemisphere
  • left/right reversed perception/control
  • corpus callosum: thick band of axons, connects 2 halves
37
Q

cerebellum

A
  • from hindbrain

- movement. balance, motor skills/coordination

38
Q

diencephalon

A
  • from forebrain
  • thalamus: routes sensory info to correct part of cerebrum
  • hypothalamus: regulates HS
39
Q

brainstem

A
  • basic life functions - respiration, heartbreat, BP

- 3 components: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblangata

40
Q

pons

A

from hindbrain; respiratory and sleep centers

41
Q

medulla oblongata

A

from hindbrain; continuous with spinal cord

Biology 116 (19 decks)

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