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Biology 116 > Deuterostomes > Flashcards

Deuterostomes Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the shared derived characteristics in the deuterostome clade?

A
  • radial, indeterminate cleavage
  • coelom from archentron
  • blastospore -> anus
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2
Q

describe Phylum Echinodermata

A
  • “spiny skins”
  • sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollar
  • often 5-part symmetry
  • endoskeleton (internal CaCO3)
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3
Q

what is the SDT for Echinodermata?

A

Water Vascular System

  • network of fluid-filled canals
  • feeding, gas exchange, movement
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4
Q

SDTs for Phylum Chordata

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Dorsal, hallow nerve cord
  3. Post-anal tail
  4. Pharyngeal slit/cleft
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5
Q

Basal Chordate (s)

A

Lancelet (Cephalochordate) and Tunicates (Urochordates)

  • invertebrates
  • marine suspension feeders
  • 1 Hox cluster
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6
Q

what are the SDTs for Vertebrates

A
  • bone or cartilage vertebrate that replaced notochord
  • 2 + Hox clusters (result of complete genome duplication and increased genetic complexity - > more complex body plan)
  • chordate character more evident in embryo
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7
Q

Basal Vertebrate (s)

A

Jawless Fish

  • hagfish, lamprey
  • cartilage
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8
Q

Gnathostome characteristic

A

Jaw-mouth

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9
Q

SDTs for Gnathostome

A
  • hinged jaw
  • bony skeleton
  • 4 Hox Clusters - more complexity (from another genome duplication)
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10
Q

Basal Gnathostome (s)

A

Chondricthyes - cartilaginous fish (bone only in teeth and fin tails)

  • ancestor had bone all over body
  • DERIVED TRAIT of LOSING most bone
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11
Q

describe Osteichthyes

A

“bone fish”

named for ancestral bony skeleton - Calcium Phosphate

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12
Q

DT for Osteichthyes

A

Swim bladder (homologous with lungs)

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13
Q

Basal Osteichthyes

A

Actinoptyergii - ray-finned fish

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14
Q

SDTs for Lobe-Fins

A

Muscular fins/limbs for locomotion (includes all terrestrial vertebrates)

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15
Q

Basal Lobe-Fins

A

Actinisitia - coelcanths

Dipnoi - lungfish (lungs and gills)

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16
Q

SDTs for Tetrapods

A
  • 4 limbs with digits
  • neck
  • fused pelvic girdle (efficiently transmits forces through body) [there’s no buoyancy on land!]
17
Q

Basal Tetrapods

A

Amphibia

Terrestrial, but require moist environment

  • eggs laid in water
  • aquatic larva
  • thin, moist skin

Ex. frogs, toads, salamanders

18
Q

SDTs for Amniotes

A
  • amniotic egg (amnion: membrane that forms fluid-filled sac around embryo) [allows for completely terrestrial life]
  • ribcage ventilation (more efficient than through skin)
19
Q

Reptilia

A

Phylum Amniotes, Sister Taxon to Mammals

  • turtles, lizards, snakes, alligators
  • shelled eggs laid on land
20
Q

DTs of Mammals

A
  • mammary glands
  • give birth to live young (mostly)
  • hair, fat layer under skin -> retain heat
21
Q

what are the three groups of Mammals?

A
  1. monotremes
  2. marsupials
  3. eutharians
22
Q

monotremes

A

Basal Animals

  • lay eggs
  • have hair
  • produce milk, but no nipples

Platypus echidnas - only in Australia and New Guinea

23
Q

marsupials

A
  • give birth to live young
  • have nipples
  • born very early (complete their development while nursing, often in pouch)
  • Placenta: structure for nutrient exchange from mother to embryo

Oppossums, Kangaroos, Koalas

24
Q

Eutharians

A
  • “placental mammals” - have complex placenta
  • longer pregnancy than marsupials
  • complete their embryonic development in uterus
25
Q

DTs of Primates

A
  • large brain, short jaws
  • grasping hands/feet
  • forward facing eyes
  • high parental care
  • complex social behavior
  • monkeys, apes - fully opposable thumbs

contain lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes

Primates Love Getting Free Hot Coffee and Frapps!

26
Q

what is the relation of humans and chimps?

A

we did not evolve from chimps. we share a recent CA with them

27
Q

Hominin

A
  • species on human “side” of human-chimp divergence 6-7 mya
  • all originated in Africa
  • Homo sapiens is only extant hominin, but many extinct species
28
Q

What are the ancestral Hominins?

A

Australopiths

~4 mya
-fully upright posture

29
Q

Genus Homo

A
  • appeared ~2.4 mya
  • Homo erectus (~1.8 mya) - 1st out of Africa
  • Homo neanderthalensis (~500-28kya) - Europe and Asia, descended from 2nd migration out of Africa
  • Homo sapiens, only extant species
30
Q

Modern Humans - Homo Sapiens characterisitics

A
  • ~2-300 kya, central Africa
  • bigger brains (almost 1.5L)
  • complex tools
  • fully bipedal traits
  • small jaw, “short” digestive system
  • language and symbolic thought
31
Q

Human Migration

A
  • Eastern Central Africa -> everywhere else- “Out of Africa”

- 3rd “Out of Africa” migration - interbred with other hominins

Biology 116 (19 decks)

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