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Biology 116 > Endocrine System II > Flashcards

Endocrine System II Flashcards

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1
Q

simple endocrine pathway

A
  • stimulus received by endocrine cells
  • stimulates endocrine cells -> secretes hormone
  • hormone travels via bloodstream -> interacts with target cells -> physiological response
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2
Q

simple neuroendocrine pathway

A
  • stimulus received by sensory neuron
  • stimulates neurosecretory cell -> secretes neurohormones
  • hormone travels via bloodstream -> interacts with target cell -> physiological response
  • ex: milk release during nursing
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3
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • regulates MANY hormones
  • neuroendocrine gland
  • links NS and endocrine systems
  • connected to pituitary gland by portal vessels
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4
Q

Releasing Hormones (RH)

A

trigger Anterior Pituitary (AP) to secrete certain hormone

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5
Q

Inhibiting Hormones (IH)

A

inhibit AP from secreting hormones

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6
Q

hormone cascade pathway

A
  • RHs trigger AP to secrete Stimulating Hormones (SH)
  • SHs trigger gland to secrete specific hormones
  • Negative feedback: higher hormone levels -> less RH and SH. lower hormone levels -> more RH and SH
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7
Q

tropic hormone

A

stimulate production of other endocrine hormones

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8
Q

nontropic hormone

A

stimulate target cells directly

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9
Q

antidiuretic horomone (ADH) and oxytocin

A
  • peptide neurohormones
  • produced by neurons in hypothalamus
  • sent to Posterior Pituitary (PP)
  • stored in vesicles in PP until needed
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10
Q

what are the two lobes of pituitary glands in humans?

A

Posterior Pituitary and Anterior Pituitary

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11
Q

Posterior Pituitary (PP)

A

-neuroendocrine gland
-stores and secretes:
[ADH - water retentio in kidneys]
[oxytocin - milk, contrations, care, bonding]

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12
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

Endocrine gland - hormones released into blood

  • produces and secretes both tropic and nontropic hormones
  • every AP hormone controlled by at least 1 RH (some also by an IH)
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13
Q

thyroid hormones

A

endocrine gland - hormones stimulate cellular metabolism in virtually all cells

  • maintain normal BP, reproductive functions
  • regulate digestive, reproductive function
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14
Q

SEQ Thyroid Hormone Regulation

A

hypothalamus ->Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) -> AP -> Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) -> Thyroid Gland -> Thyroid Hormones: T3 (3 Iodine) and T4 (4 Iodine) -> all cells -> response

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15
Q

hyperthyroidism

A
  • too much thyroid hormone
  • high body temp, profuse sweating, weight loss, irritability, high BP
  • ex: Grave’s Disease (antibodies bind to TSH receptors, trigger T3 and T4 production)
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16
Q

hypothyrodism

A
  • too little thyroid hormone
  • weight gain and lethargy, slower metabolism, intolerance to cold, goiter
  • ex: Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis (immune destruction of thyroid cells, inability to produce T3 and T4)
17
Q

molting (ecdysis)

A
  • larva grows in discrete stages
  • molts in between
  • endocrine pathway between begins in larval brain
18
Q

Juvenile Hormone (JH)

A
  • produced in brain

- “remain a larva”

19
Q

Prothoracicotropic Hormone (PTTH)

A
  • produced in brain

- “make ecdysteroids”

20
Q

ecdysteroids

A
  • produced in prothoracic gland

- “molt”

21
Q

pathway of invertebrate endocrine control

A
  • after hatching, larva has high levels of JH, no PTTH and no Ecdysteroids
  • larva eats -> grows -> internal body presses organs and exoskeleton
  • pressure against exoskeleton = stimulus for PTTH production
22
Q

what happens when JH levels are high?

A

grow and molt into larva

23
Q

what happens when JH levels are low?

A

molt into pupa -> metamorphosis into adult

24
Q

what are some applications of hormones?

A

can be used as insecticides

  • synthetic ecdysteroids: premature molting -> death
  • synthetic JH: larva would never become adults
25
Q

parathyroid

A

4 glands in connective tissue surrounding thyroid

26
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A
  • regulates blood Ca2+ levels

- secreted by parathryoid

27
Q

what two hormones does blood calcium regulation involve? what is special about these two?

A
  • parathyroid: secretes PTH to increase Ca2+
  • thyroid: secretes calcitonin to decrease Ca2+

the two hormones are anatagonistic

28
Q

SEQ low blood Ca2+ regulation

A

stimulus: low blood Ca2+ -> parathyroid -> PTH -> Multiple effects -> response (increase in blood Ca2+)

Multiple effects:

  • bone releases Ca2+
  • kidneys reabsorb Ca2+
  • liver produces Vitamin D -> increase Ca2+ from intestines
29
Q

is blood calcium regulation an example of positive or negative feedback?

A

negative

30
Q

SEQ high blood Ca2+ regulation

A

stimulus: high blood Ca2+ -> thyroid -> calcitonin -> multiple effects -> response (decrease in blood Ca2+)

multiple effects:

  • bone retains Ca2+
  • kidneys excrete Ca2+
31
Q

adrenal glands

A
  • small glands on top of each kidney
  • 2 parts:
    (1) central - adrenal medulla
    (2) outer - adrenal cortex
  • function as distinct glands but both regulate metabolism, response to stress
32
Q

adrenal medulla

A
  • neuroendocrine gland
  • short-term stress response (fight or flight)
  • secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (water soluble hormones)
  • activated by nerve impulses
33
Q

what is the benefit of the nervous system involvement and release of water-soluble hormones

A

it’s fast

34
Q

during stress, what happens with the adrenal medulla?

A
  • hypothalamus activates adrenal medulla via nerve impulse
  • adrenal medulla releases epinephrine, norepinephrine
    (1) more blood to brain, muscles, heart
    (2) glycogen breakdown to glucose
    (3) increase metabolic rate (up to 100%)
    (4) increase O2 delivery - higher HR, stroke volume, breathing rate
  • short-term response
35
Q

adrenal cortex

A
  • endocrine gland
  • responds to chronic stress
  • secretes corticosteroids (lipid-soluble)
  • activated by endocrine signal
  • long-term response
36
Q

SEQ stress in adrenal cortex

A

stress -> hypothalamus -> CRF -> AP -> ACTH -> Adrenal Cortex -> response (corticosteriods)

response:

  • glucose synthesis from non-carb sources
  • muscles broken down -> increase blood glucose
  • immune suppression

Biology 116 (19 decks)

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