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Biology 116 > Animals > Flashcards

Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Heterotrophy

A
  • ancestral trait of all animals
  • depend on producers for energy
  • ingest and digest internally
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2
Q

What are the two ancestral characteristics for animals?

A

eukaryotic and no cell wall

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3
Q

what are the four shared derived traits for animals?

A

A1 - Multicellular
A2 - Extracellular matrix
A3 - Early Embryonic Development Pattern
A4 - Homeobox Genes

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4
Q

describe the shared derived trait, extracellular matrix

A
  • proteins are around cell membrane

- connects and supports cells, mostly made of collagen

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5
Q

describe differentiated cells in animals

A
  • have specialized functions
  • (most have) differentiated tissues = groups of cells with common structure and function
  • (many have) differentiated organs = specialized structures made up of tissues
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6
Q

describe reproduction and development within animals

A
  • usually sexual
  • diploid dominant
  • meiosis produces haploid sperm or egg
  • fertilization: small flagellated sperm fuses with larger non-motile egg
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7
Q

describe the shared derived trait, early embryonic development pattern

A
  • relates development pattern to phylogeny
  • cleavage: mitotic divisions without growth
  • blastulation: cell migration, forming a hallow ball of cells
  • blastula: hallow ball of cells surrounding blastocoel (empty space)
  • gastrulation: process of inward folding of blastula
  • gastrula and germ layers
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8
Q

how is development regulated by genes?

A

homeobox genes

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9
Q

describe the shared derived trait, homeobox genes

A
  • code for proteins that regulate expression of developmental genes
  • control expression of many genes
  • ex. hox genes
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10
Q

symmetry

A

arrangement of body structure in relation to axis of body

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11
Q

asymmetry

A

no plane of symmetry through body

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12
Q

what are the types of symmetry

A

radial and bilateral symmetry

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13
Q

radial symmetry

A

any plane through longitudinal axis (e.g. mirror images)

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14
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

one plane through longitudinal axis (e.g. mirror images)

  • related to cephalization: development of a head with a CNS and sense organs
  • facilitates complex movement
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15
Q

what are the different bilateral animal axes?

A
  • left/right
  • dorsal/ventral
  • anterior/posterior
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16
Q

germ layers

A

concentric layers of embryonic tissue

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17
Q

ectoderm

A

outside layer

-outer covering NS

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18
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer

-lines digestive tube, other organs (lungs)

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19
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer

-everything else

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20
Q

diploblasts

A

only have endoderm and ectoderm

21
Q

triploblasts

A

have endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

22
Q

do body cavities apply to diploblasts, triploblasts, or both?

A

triploblasts only

23
Q

coelom

A

body cavity - fluid filled space between body wall and digestive tube

24
Q

Acoela

A

no coelom

25
Q

what phyla is a true coelom ancestral to?

A

5-12, Echinodermata - Arthropoda

26
Q

acoelomate

A
  • flat
  • filled in coelom
  • had a coelom, but it doesn’t work anymore (ancestral)
27
Q

pseudocoelomate

A

-use coelom as a hydrostatic skeleton (support, movement)

28
Q

coelomate

A
  • ancestral trait

- true coelom

29
Q

what are the advantages to a coelom?

A
  • hydrostatic skeleton: support, movement
  • circulation: no longer need to be flat
  • no cavity? diffusion from outside - SA:V problem
30
Q

what are the two basic modes of animal development?

A

protostomes and deuterostomes

31
Q

what are the three traits animal development is based on?

A
  • cleavage
  • coelom formation
  • fate of blastospore
32
Q

what event happened that allowed the three traits of animal development to appear? explain.

A

the Cambrian Explosion
~500 - 540 mya
-1st appearance of many body plans in fossil record
-1st evidence of hard body plans
-many extant phyla appear, many others now extincct

33
Q

character

A

specific unique development pattern

34
Q

give an example of an ancestral character state

A

protostome

35
Q

describe protostome development

A
  • ancestral mode of animal development
  • spiral, determinate cleavage
  • coelom from masses of mesoderm
  • blastospore -> mouth (protostome = “1st opening”)
36
Q

describe deuterostome development

A
  • derived development mode in some animal groups (appeared several times)
  • radial, indeterminate cleavage
  • coelom from folds of archentron (ancient intestine)
  • blastospore -> anus (deuterostome = “2nd opening”)
37
Q

what is the sister taxon to animals? describe

A

choanoflagellates

  • flagellated, unicellular
  • extremely similar to choanocytes of sponges (basal animals)
  • similar cells found in other animals, not other groups
38
Q

is the Metazoa Clade mono-, para-, or polyphyletic?

A

Monophyletic

39
Q

What does ‘Eumetazoa’ mean?

A

true animals

40
Q

What are the shared derived traits of eumetazoa?

A
  • diploblast tissues

- radial symmetry

41
Q

what are the ancestral traits of eumetazoa?

A

multicellularity, heterotrophy, ECM…

42
Q

what are the shared derived traits of Bilateria?

A
  • triploblast tissues

- bilateral symmetry

43
Q

describe bilateria (excluding the SDTs)

A
  • most animal phyla
  • almost all share coelomate ancestor
  • rapid diversification during Cambrian Explosion
44
Q

what are the three major clades within Bilateria?

A

Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa, and Ecdysozoa

45
Q

Deuterostomia

A

SDT: deuterostome development

remember, some with deuterostome development outside this group

46
Q

what is Lophotrochozoa made up of?

A

entirely invertebrates

47
Q

what is the SDT of Lophotrochozoa?

A

genetic similiarities (grouped based on DNA)

48
Q

what is the SDT for the Ecdysozoan clade?

A

ecdysis: molting/shedding exoskeleton/cuticle

Biology 116 (19 decks)

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