Svensor Flashcards
what percent of all overdoses were due to psychostimulants?
40%
what percent of people take psychostimulants?
17.2%
nicotine receptor has how many subunits
12 different
nicotine activates what receptor
nicotinic acetylcholinergic
what happens chemically when nicotine enters cell
Na+ in
K+ out
nicotine can penetrate the membrane at what pH level
physiological
is nicotine degraded by AChE?
no, longer duration of action
addiction liability ranking
tobacco
heroin
cocaine
alcohol
cannabis
varenicline is a ____
partial agonist
what drug is known as captogen
fenethylline
MOA of cocaine
antagonist of amine transporters
DAT>SERT>NET
prevents dopamine reuptake
increases dopamine concentration
increases duration of dopamine action
what is the most addictive substance in current use?
nicotine
MOA of ecstasy, methamphetamine, bath salts
compete for reuptake
pushes dopamine from vesicles
reverse transport (efflux of dopamine)
what are bath salts and molly called
cathinonones
how does Sudafed become meth?
removal of a hydroxyl group
neurologic effects of meth
delirium, tremor
psychological effects of meth
anxiety
paranoia
hallucinations
delusions
repetitive behavior
ENT effects of meth
profuse dental decay (meth mouth)
CV effects of meth
tachycardia
HTN /vasospasm
skin effects of meth
diaphoresis
dopamine receptor activity in the brain of meth user
receptor downregulation due to outside source
why we get withdrawal sx
can dopamine receptors return after quitting?
yes
who most commonly misuses adderall
male college students
what is sympathomimetic toxidrome
symptoms showing someone took a stimulant
sympathomimetic toxidrome sx
M - mydriasis
A - agitation, arrhythmia, angina
T - tachycardia
H - HTN, hyperthermia
S - seizure, sweating
key component of cannabis plant
delta 9 THC
hemp delta 9 thc content
0.3% or less
marijuana delta 9 THC content
15-20%
what is hemp grown for?
agricultural products such as textiles, seeds, and oils
federal law permits sale of what
hemp not marijuana
what is synthetic marijuana
more potent than THC
bind CB1 receptor as full agonists
symptoms with cannabit ingestion
temporal slowing
auditory or visual allusions
euphoria
anxiety
tachycardia
dry mouth
increase appetite
impaired cognition
what is in the endocannabinoid system
cannabinoid receptors
ligands
EMT transporters
synthetic and degradative enzymes
what do endocannabinoids do?
retrograde regulators
inhibit GABA and glutamine release
THC type of agonist and where
partial at CB1R
synthetic cannabinoids are what type of agonist
full
which receptor is higher in the brain
CB1
CB1
respiratory center
depression, coma
which receptor higher in periphery
CB2
CB2 regulated what
recruits inflammatory cells
what is marinol
in seasame oil
FDA approved for loss of appetite
what is nabilone
FDA approved for anti-emetic
Epidolex is what
CBD that is FDA approved for Dravet and Lennox Gastaut syndrome
key determinants in risk factors for mental health disorders after cannabis use
age of onset and potency
what is cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
cyclic vomiting after prolonged use
treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
stopping
benzo
haloperidol
caspacin
what percent of users develop a disorder (cannabis)?
10%
delusion
fixed false belief unresponsive to logic
ex. you think you’re arriving somewhere via hellicopter
hallucination
a false perception arising from internal stimuli
illusion
a misperception of external stimulii
ex. bear sitting in chair up front
at commonly used doses, psycheadelic drugs produce what
illusions
classical psychedelic drugs are derivatives of what structures
phenethylamine
tyryptamine
mescaline (phenethylamine) MOA
increase risk of serotonin primarily, also DA and NE
LSD is a derivative of what
tryptamine
classical psychedelics MOA
5HT2a agonists
short term side effects of psychedelics
tachycardia
HTN
tremors
dry mouth
nausea
acute reactions of psychedilic drugs
terrifying thoughts
insanity
fear of death
fear of losing control
psychotic reaction to psychedilics
flashbacks
personality changes
potential therapeutic uses of psychedilics
cancer distress
PTSD
depression
substance use disorder (alc)
negatives of clinical trials with psychedelics
small sample size
lack of a control
selection bias
dissociative psychedelics MOA
antagonists of NMDA receptors
inhibit GABA release
disinhibition of glutamate release
ketamine MOA
NMDA receptor antagonist
S+ more active
what is phencyclidine
NMDA antagonist
also D2 agonist
more potent than ketamine
what happens with phencylclidine (PCP)
self harm without distress
muscimol MOA
agonist of GABA
whata are alkyl amines
relaxes sphincter
enhanced erections
euphoria
highest abuse among gay men
“poppers”
what are volatile solvents
liquid at room temp but evaporate readily when exposed to air
who uses volatile solvents the most
young ppl, those without access to others
high doses of inhalant can do whta
asphyxiation
suffocation
convulsions / seizures
coma
choking
fatal injuries
what is sudden sniffing death syndrome
fatal arryhtmia within minutes of inhaling
