Rochet Flashcards
2hindbrain consists of
medulla
pons
cerebellum
midbrain consists of
substantia nigra
forebrain consists of
cortex
basal ganglia
limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus)
diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)
find the cortex, thalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum
what does the medulla do
involuntary functions (autonomic)
centers for controlling (respiration, cardiac function, reflexes (coughing), vasomotor responses)
what does the pons do
relays signals from forebrain to cerebellum (bridge)
what does the cerebellum do
ensures smooth movements through motor coordination
undergoes neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias (jerky movements)
what does the substantia nigra pars compacta do?
voluntary motor control and cognitive funct
input to basal ganglia by supplying dopamine to the striatum
neurodegeneration in Parkinsons
what does the substantia nigra pars reticulata do?
output, relays signals from basal ganglia to the thalamus
what does the cortex do?
high order functioning
processing and interpreting info
what does the basal ganglia do?
voluntary motor control
has striatum and globus
what does the limbic system do?
emotion - amygala
memory - hippocampus
what does the diencephalon do?
thalamus: relay station to and from cortex
hypothalamus: involuntary, internal homeostasis and emotions, hormonal control and neural regulation
senses receive info from environment and pass through ____ to the ____ and back
thalamus to cortex
decisions are made in ____ about how to interpret and act on info
cortico-thalmic loops
damage to what can affect movement, speech, and personality
cortex
what is a disease of the frontal cortex?
schizophrenia
two types of cells in CNS
neurons and glial cells
three different glial cells
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
roles of astrocytes
provide neurons with growth factors, antioxidants
remove excess glutamate
support blood brain barrier
role of oligodendrocytes
produce myelin sheath that insulates axons
roles of microglia
immune cells of brain
provide growth factors
clear debris by phagocytosis
role in neuroinflammation
microglia are _____ in parkinsons
overactive
neurotransmission involves what
release of synaptic vesicles from boutons into synaptic gap
what is neurotransmission triggered by
influx of Na+ ions that triggers electrical depolarization
excitatory neurotransmitters are _____ and _____ frequency
depolarizing, increase frequency
inhibitory neurotransmitters are ____ and ____ frequency
polarizing, decrease frequency
do action potential magnitudes for a single neuron change?
no. they stay the same magnitude
excitatory neurons induce
EPSP: excitatory postsynaptic potential
(subthreshold peaks that do not clear the threshold)
increase the strength of the stimulus so action potential is reached
inhibitory neurotransmitters induce
IPSP: inhibitory postsynpatic potential
- induces hyperpolarization by allowing Cl- ions to cross the membrane
- decrease the magnitude of a sequential EPSP
common three amino acid neurotransmitters
GABA
glycine
glutamate
what is GABA
major inhibitory neurotransmitter
increases flux of Cl- ions into neuron
which drugs interact with GABA pathwasy
benzodiazepines
anticonvulsants
anxiolytics
glycine is similar to gaba but acts where?
in the spinal cord
glutamate does what
excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
excess glutamate can cause what and how
neuronal damage by allowing excessive Ca influx into the neuron
non amino acid neurotransmitters
acetylcholine
dopamine
norepinephrine
serotonin 5 HT
acetylcholine receptors and drug target example
nicotinic and muscarininc
cholinesterase inhibitors like aricept in Alzeihmers
dopamine drug targets
D1-D5 dopamine receptors and DAT
drugs that block DAT do what
increase extracellular dopamine, produce euphoria (cocaine, amphetamine)
what disease state is excessive dopamine signaling?
schizophrenia
what disease state is lack of dopamine signaling?
Parkinson’s Disease
antipsychotics are what class
D2 receptor antagonists
D2/D3 and D1 receptor agonists are used for what
Parkinsons Disease
norepinephrine targets what receptors
alpha and beta and NET transporter
NET inhibitors are used to treat
depression
serotonin targets
14 GPCRs and 1 ion gated channel and SERT
5HT axons arise from a group of cell bodies called
raphe nuclei
5HT2A antagonists
atypical antipsychotics
SERT uptake inhibitors treat
depression
5HT2A agonists are
hallucinogenic like LSD
an example of gene-environment interaction is
individuals with an HLA phenotype having increased risk for MS with anti-EBNA antibodies
RRMS
relapsing remitting
relapses of neurological dysfunction lasting weeks or months
most cases turn into SPMS
SPMS
secondary progressive MS
less inflammation
slow progressive neurological decline via demyelination with little remission
PPMS
primary progressive MS
mean onset later
looks like SPMS at first because threshold is super high and inflammatory events are not symptomatic
CIS
clinically isolated syndrome
initial episode of neurologic symptoms lasting longer than 24 hours
inflammation in optic nerve, cerebrum, cerebellum
most cases progress to MS
what does alpha 4 integrin do?
is on the BBB and helps B and T cells get into CNS
once in the CNS and with their antigen, B cells mature to what
plasma cells
T cell activation results in what
cytokine release, and macrophage stimulation
action potentials travel more rapidly in
myelinated regions
can the amount of current generated at the node of Raniver depolarize the demyelinated region?
no, the current is lost through the membrane (leaks)
remyelination involves what
recruitment of OPCs and differentiation of them into myelin-producing oligodendrocytes
how does remyelination fail in MS
lack of OPCs or failure of them to differentiate
what is astrogliosis
invasion and propagation of astrocytes which forms plaques or scars
