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PHRM 845 > Rochet > Flashcards

Rochet Flashcards

1
Q

2hindbrain consists of

A

medulla
pons
cerebellum

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2
Q

midbrain consists of

A

substantia nigra

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3
Q

forebrain consists of

A

cortex
basal ganglia
limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus)
diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)

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4
Q

find the cortex, thalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum

A
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5
Q

what does the medulla do

A

involuntary functions (autonomic)
centers for controlling (respiration, cardiac function, reflexes (coughing), vasomotor responses)

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6
Q

what does the pons do

A

relays signals from forebrain to cerebellum (bridge)

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7
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

ensures smooth movements through motor coordination
undergoes neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias (jerky movements)

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8
Q

what does the substantia nigra pars compacta do?

A

voluntary motor control and cognitive funct
input to basal ganglia by supplying dopamine to the striatum
neurodegeneration in Parkinsons

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9
Q

what does the substantia nigra pars reticulata do?

A

output, relays signals from basal ganglia to the thalamus

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10
Q

what does the cortex do?

A

high order functioning
processing and interpreting info

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11
Q

what does the basal ganglia do?

A

voluntary motor control
has striatum and globus

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12
Q

what does the limbic system do?

A

emotion - amygala
memory - hippocampus

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13
Q

what does the diencephalon do?

A

thalamus: relay station to and from cortex
hypothalamus: involuntary, internal homeostasis and emotions, hormonal control and neural regulation

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14
Q

senses receive info from environment and pass through ____ to the ____ and back

A

thalamus to cortex

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15
Q

decisions are made in ____ about how to interpret and act on info

A

cortico-thalmic loops

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16
Q

damage to what can affect movement, speech, and personality

A

cortex

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17
Q

what is a disease of the frontal cortex?

A

schizophrenia

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18
Q

two types of cells in CNS

A

neurons and glial cells

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19
Q

three different glial cells

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia

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20
Q

roles of astrocytes

A

provide neurons with growth factors, antioxidants
remove excess glutamate
support blood brain barrier

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21
Q

role of oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin sheath that insulates axons

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22
Q

roles of microglia

A

immune cells of brain
provide growth factors
clear debris by phagocytosis
role in neuroinflammation

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23
Q

microglia are _____ in parkinsons

A

overactive

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24
Q

neurotransmission involves what

A

release of synaptic vesicles from boutons into synaptic gap

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25
Q

what is neurotransmission triggered by

A

influx of Na+ ions that triggers electrical depolarization

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26
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters are _____ and _____ frequency

A

depolarizing, increase frequency

27
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters are ____ and ____ frequency

A

polarizing, decrease frequency

28
Q

do action potential magnitudes for a single neuron change?

A

no. they stay the same magnitude

29
Q

excitatory neurons induce

A

EPSP: excitatory postsynaptic potential
(subthreshold peaks that do not clear the threshold)
increase the strength of the stimulus so action potential is reached

30
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters induce

A

IPSP: inhibitory postsynpatic potential
- induces hyperpolarization by allowing Cl- ions to cross the membrane
- decrease the magnitude of a sequential EPSP

31
Q

common three amino acid neurotransmitters

A

GABA
glycine
glutamate

32
Q

what is GABA

A

major inhibitory neurotransmitter
increases flux of Cl- ions into neuron

33
Q

which drugs interact with GABA pathwasy

A

benzodiazepines
anticonvulsants
anxiolytics

34
Q

glycine is similar to gaba but acts where?

A

in the spinal cord

35
Q

glutamate does what

A

excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

36
Q

excess glutamate can cause what and how

A

neuronal damage by allowing excessive Ca influx into the neuron

37
Q

non amino acid neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine
dopamine
norepinephrine
serotonin 5 HT

38
Q

acetylcholine receptors and drug target example

A

nicotinic and muscarininc
cholinesterase inhibitors like aricept in Alzeihmers

39
Q

dopamine drug targets

A

D1-D5 dopamine receptors and DAT

40
Q

drugs that block DAT do what

A

increase extracellular dopamine, produce euphoria (cocaine, amphetamine)

41
Q

what disease state is excessive dopamine signaling?

A

schizophrenia

42
Q

what disease state is lack of dopamine signaling?

A

Parkinson’s Disease

43
Q

antipsychotics are what class

A

D2 receptor antagonists

44
Q

D2/D3 and D1 receptor agonists are used for what

A

Parkinsons Disease

45
Q

norepinephrine targets what receptors

A

alpha and beta and NET transporter

46
Q

NET inhibitors are used to treat

A

depression

47
Q

serotonin targets

A

14 GPCRs and 1 ion gated channel and SERT

48
Q

5HT axons arise from a group of cell bodies called

A

raphe nuclei

49
Q

5HT2A antagonists

A

atypical antipsychotics

50
Q

SERT uptake inhibitors treat

A

depression

51
Q

5HT2A agonists are

A

hallucinogenic like LSD

52
Q

an example of gene-environment interaction is

A

individuals with an HLA phenotype having increased risk for MS with anti-EBNA antibodies

53
Q

RRMS

A

relapsing remitting
relapses of neurological dysfunction lasting weeks or months
most cases turn into SPMS

54
Q

SPMS

A

secondary progressive MS
less inflammation
slow progressive neurological decline via demyelination with little remission

55
Q

PPMS

A

primary progressive MS
mean onset later
looks like SPMS at first because threshold is super high and inflammatory events are not symptomatic

56
Q

CIS

A

clinically isolated syndrome
initial episode of neurologic symptoms lasting longer than 24 hours
inflammation in optic nerve, cerebrum, cerebellum
most cases progress to MS

57
Q

what does alpha 4 integrin do?

A

is on the BBB and helps B and T cells get into CNS

58
Q

once in the CNS and with their antigen, B cells mature to what

A

plasma cells

59
Q

T cell activation results in what

A

cytokine release, and macrophage stimulation

60
Q

action potentials travel more rapidly in

A

myelinated regions

61
Q

can the amount of current generated at the node of Raniver depolarize the demyelinated region?

A

no, the current is lost through the membrane (leaks)

62
Q

remyelination involves what

A

recruitment of OPCs and differentiation of them into myelin-producing oligodendrocytes

63
Q

how does remyelination fail in MS

A

lack of OPCs or failure of them to differentiate

64
Q

what is astrogliosis

A

invasion and propagation of astrocytes which forms plaques or scars

PHRM 845 (38 decks)

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