Surveys & Observations

Question 1

A method of posing questions to people in order to understand the relationship between variables

Answer 1

Survey

Question 2

What are five problems that occur with wording of questions in a survey?

Answer 2

Unfamiliar technical terminology
Ungrammatical sentence structure
Phrasing that overloads working memory
Misleading information
Leading questions

Question 3

A survey question which asks two questions in one

Answer 3

Double-Barreled Question

Question 4

A question which contains a presumption and can affect how someone answers the question

Answer 4

Loaded Question

Question 5

If a question were to ask ‘Do you not approve of Trump?” - What is this called?

Answer 5

Negative Wording

Question 6

“Choose the best option(s) from the following:”

- is an example of?

Answer 6

Forced-Choice Formatting

Question 7

What are close-ended questions?

Answer 7

When they must choose from a list of alternatives

Quantitative

Question 8

What are open-ended questions?

Answer 8

When they can provide their own answer

Qualitative

Question 9

What are some problems with open-ended questions?

Answer 9

Answers must be coded and categorized which can be difficult and time consuming

Question 10

5-star hotel/restaurant rating is an example of?

Answer 10

Semantic Differential Scale

Question 11

Rate a target object using a numeric scale with adjectives

Answer 11

Semantic Differential Scale

Question 12

Using images of faces to describe emotions and having someone pick the most appropriate one is an example of?

Answer 12

Non-verbal scale

Question 13

When someone plays it safe and answers only in the middle of the sale, what is this called?

Answer 13

Fence-Sitting

Question 14

What are ways to avoid Fence-Sitting?

Answer 14

Uses uneven amount of choices

Forced-choice between only two answers

Question 15

When someone only agrees or says yes to everything, what is this called?

Answer 15

Yea-Saying

Question 16

What is one way to avoid yea-saying?

Answer 16

Reverse-worded items

Question 17

When someone answers questions based on what they believe to be acceptable, what is this called?

Answer 17

Faking Good

Question 18

What is one way to avoid Faking Good?

Answer 18

Make sure respondents know their answers will be anonymous

Question 19

When an observers expectations influence their interpretation of behaviour or the outcome of a study

Answer 19

Observer bias

Question 20

When participants behaviour changes to match observer expectations

Answer 20

Observer effects

Question 21

What are ways to avoid observer bias or effects?

Answer 21

Multiple observers
Proper training
Reliable, clear rating scales (codebook)
Masked research design

Question 22

When participants react to being watched - people tend to change their behaviour in some way when they know they are being watched

Answer 22

Reactivity

Question 23

What are ways to reduce Reactivity effects?

Answer 23

Blend-in (unobtrusive observations)

Wait it out

Measure results of behaviour instead of behaviour itself

Question 24

Association between two variables

Answer 24

Correlation

Question 25

In an association both variables are _______ (interval or ratio)

Answer 25

Measured

Question 26

What are three ways to display correlational relationships?

Answer 26

Scatter plots
Correlation Coefficient
Statistical Test

Question 27

What is Effect Size?

Answer 27

Strength of Association (r)

Small, medium, large

Question 28

What size of effect size gives the most accurate predictions?

Answer 28

Large

Question 29

What are the strengths of correlation?

Answer 29

.10 - small/weak
.30 - medium/moderate
.50 - large/strong

Question 30

What are the directions of correlation?

Answer 30

Positive - high with high, low with low
Negative - high with low, low with high
Zero - No association

Question 31

How likely it is that the correlation is not due to chance

Answer 31

Statistical Significance

Question 32

What does the p-value represent?

Answer 32

The probability that the sample’s association came from a population in which the association is zero

Question 33

What does a small p value mean? (less than .05)

Answer 33

The result is unlikely to have come from a zero association population - it is statistically significant

Question 34

What does a large p value mean? (more than .05)

Answer 34

The probability that the correlation is by chance is relatively high - it is not statistically significant

Question 35

What is an outlier?

Answer 35

An extreme score that stands out from the rest

Question 36

Why are outliers problematic in small samples?

Answer 36

Can pull results towards them and change correlation coefficient

Question 37

What is restriction in range?

Answer 37

Lack of variability in responses - not a full range of scores on one of the variables

Question 38

What is a ceiling effect?

Answer 38

Mainly high scores

Question 39

What is a floor effect?

Answer 39

Mainly low scores

Question 40

What is a level?

Answer 40

The number of groups/options for a particular variables