Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Research Methods > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Method of posing questions to people with the goal of understanding relationship between variables.

A

Survey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Asking two questions in one.

“Do you like pizza and agree that tacos should always have cheese?”

A

Double-Barreled Questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A question which offers alternatives that the responder must choose from.

“Of the following, which best describes your relationship with pizza?”

A

Close-Ended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A question to which the responder provides their own answer.

“What is your opinion on coffee?”

A

Open-Ended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A rating scale which uses numeric rating with words, most commonly 5 points to choose from.
Ex. Strongly Agee (1) - Strongly disagree (7)

A

Likert Rating Scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A scale which you can select anywhere along the line.

“Studying is: Enjoyable - - - - - - - - I - Not Enjoyable”

A

Graphic Rating Scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A scale which incorporates the question and answer into one.

“The effects of smoking are: Harmless (1), Okay (2), Annoying (3), Horrible (4), Deadly (5)”

A

Semantic Differential Scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A scale which uses images instead of words.

“Which of the following faces best represents your mood?”

A

Non-verbal scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A shortcut used on long surveys where people are answering in a specific manner instead of responding to the actual content.

A

Response Set

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A response set in which respondents play it safe by answering in the middle of the scale.

A

Fence-sitting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A response set in which people answer ‘yes’ or ‘agree’ to everything.

A

Yea-Saying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A response set in which people answer according to what they believe is the socially acceptable answer.

A

Faking Good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A construct validity threat in which observers expectations influence their interpretation of participants behaviour or the overall outcome of a study.

A

Observer bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A construct validity threat in which participants conform to observer expectations.

A

Observer effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A research design in which observers are unaware of the conditions to which participants have been assigned or what the study is about

A

Masked Research Design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A construct validity threat in which participants behaviour changes due to the presence of an observer

A

Reactivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

An association between two variables

A

Correlation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The strength of an association

A

Effect Size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How likely it is that a correlation is not due to chance

A

Statistical Significance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A value which helps evaluate the probability of whether a sample’s association came from a population in which the association is zero

A

p Value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Extreme scores which stand out from the rest and can pull results towards them

A

Outliers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lack of variability in responses, not a full enough range of scores on a particular variable

A

Restriction of Range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When results end up with mostly high scores

A

Ceiling Effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When results end up with mostly low scores

A

Floor Effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A change in behaviour that emerges more or less spontaneously over time

A

Maturation Threat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

An external event that effects most members of the treatment group at the same time

A

History Threat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When a performance is extreme (low or high) due to random chance and scores regress back to the mean (average) during subsequent testing

A

Regression Threat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Reduction in participant numbers that occurs when people drop out before the end of a study

A

Attrition Threat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Change in the participants as a result of taking a test more than once (practice, fatigue effects)

A

Testing Threats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When an instrument changes over time or is not precise at measuring what its supposed to

A

Instrumentation Threat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When participants guess what the study is supposed to be about and change their behaviour in the expected direction

A

Demand Characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When people receive treatment and improve but only because they believe they are receiving a valid treatment

A

Placebo Effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Separate dependent variable used to make sure the manipulation of a variable worked

A

Manipulation Check

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Any factor that can inflate or deflate a person’s true score on a dependent measure

A

Measurement Error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When a study is repeated as closely as possible to the original just with a new sample

A

Direct Replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

When a study is repeated with the same hypothesis and variables but the method is changed

A

Conceptual Replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

When a study is repeated with the same hypothesis and method but a new variable is added

A

Replication with Extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

A way of mathematically averaging the results of all studies that have tested the same variable to see what conclusion that whole body of evidence supports

A

Meta-Analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The idea that a meta-analysis might be overestimating the true size of an effect because null effects have not been included in the collection process

A

File Drawer Problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Logical process of using data from a sample to make inferences about some population as a whole

A

Inferential Statistics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Point at which researchers place the p-value to determine whether or not to reject a hypothesis

A

Alpha Level

42
Q

A test which allows researchers to test whether the difference between two group means in an independent-group design is statistically significant

A

t Test

43
Q

Concluding that there IS an effect in a population when there is NO effect

A

Type I Error

44
Q

Concluding there is NO effect in a population when there IS an effect

A

Type II Error

45
Q

Designs with two or more independent varibales

A

Factorial Design

46
Q

The simplest factorial design

A

2 x 2 Factorial Design

47
Q

Each independent variables potential effect

A

Main Effect

48
Q

When one thing changes because of another variable

A

Interaction

49
Q

A design in which all levels receive different groups of people

A

Independent group design

50
Q

A design in which one group receives all levels of a study

A

Repeated measure design

51
Q

A design which is used when random assignment can not be done

A

Quasi-Experimental design

52
Q

A control group which receives treatment later

A

Parallel group

53
Q

A design which is usually focused only on a single case (or select few)

A

Small-N design

54
Q

The extent to which the subjects in a study represent the population they are intended to represent - how well the setting in a study represent other settings or contexts

A

Generalizability

55
Q

Aspect of external validity in which the focus is on whether a laboratory study generalizes to real-world settings

A

Ecological Validity

56
Q

Laboratory research which is just as realistic as the real world

A

Experimental Realism

57
Q

All other things equal, the simplest solution is the best

A

Parsimony (Occam’s Razor)

58
Q

When we accept a conclusion because it appears to make sense

A

Swayed by a Good Story

59
Q

When we are persuaded by what comes easiest to mind, can lead us to overestimate frequency

A

Availability Heuristic

60
Q

When we fail to think about what we can not see and focus only on what is readily present

A

Present/Present Bias

61
Q

When we don’t want to let go of our beliefs so we seek out information that supports them

A

Focusing on Evidence we Like Best

62
Q

Asking only questions that lead to a particular, expected response

A

Confirmatory Hypothesis Testing

63
Q

Belief that we are unlikely to fall prey to cognitive biases

A

Bias Blind Spot

64
Q

Something that could vary but only has one level in a study

A

Constant

65
Q

Variable whose levels are measured

A

Dependent Variable

66
Q

Variable whose levels are manipualted

A

Independent Variable

67
Q

Turning a concept of interest into a measured or manipulated variable

A

Operationalize

68
Q

Variables with no meaningful numeric value

A

Categorical (nominal)

69
Q

A claim which describes a particular rate or degree of a single variable

A

Frequency Claim

70
Q

A claim which argues that one level of a variable is linked with a particular level of another variable

A

Association Claim

71
Q

A claim which argues that one variable is responsible for changing the other

A

Causal Claim

72
Q

How well the variables in a study are measured or manipulated

A

Construct Validity

73
Q

The extent to which results of a study generalize to some larger population as well as other situations

A

External Validity

74
Q

The strength of an effect and its statistical significance

A

Statistical Validity

75
Q

The extent to which a third variable is not responsible for the outcome of a study

A

Internal Validity

76
Q

Statistical tool used to organize and summarize the properties of a set of data

A

Descriptive Statistics

77
Q

A measure of what value the individual scores tend to center on

A

Central Tendency

78
Q

The most common score

A

Mode

79
Q

The value of the middlemost score

A

Median

80
Q

The average score

A

Mean

81
Q

Computation that captures how far, on average, each score is from the mean

A

Standard Deviation

82
Q

Computation that quantifies how spread out scores of a sample are around their mean

A

Variance

83
Q

A variable whose values can be recorded as meaningful numbers

A

Quantitative Variable

84
Q

A scale whose levels represent ranked order in which it is unclear the distance between levels

Example: Handing in exams in a pile- can determine order but not time between each

A

Ordinal Scale

85
Q

A scale which has no true zero and numbers represent equal intervals

Example: IQ - difference between numbers are equal but you can’t have zero intelligence

A

Interval scale

86
Q

A scale whose numerals have equal intervals but the value of zero really means nothing

Examples: How many time someone sneezes

A

Ratio scale

87
Q

How consistent a measure is at measuring what its supposed to measure

A

Reliability

88
Q

The consistency in results every time a measure is used

A

Test-Retest Reliability

89
Q

The degree to which two or more observers give consistent ratings

A

Interrater Reliability

90
Q

The consistency in answers no matter how a question is phrased

A

Internal Reliability

91
Q

A measures accuracy in measuring what its supposed to

A

Validity

92
Q

The extent to which a measure is subjectively considered valid due to how it appears

A

Face Validity

93
Q

The extent to which a measure captures all parts of a defined construct

A

Content Validity

94
Q

The extent to which a measure is correlated with a behaviour or concrete outcome it should be related to

A

Criterion Validity

95
Q

Extent to which a measure is associated with other measures of a theoretically similar construct

A

Convergent Validity

96
Q

Extent to which a measure does not associate strongly with measures of theoretically different constructs

A

Discriminant Validity

97
Q

Degree to which the causal variable is related to the effect

A

Covariance

98
Q

Degree to which the causal variable comes before the effect variable in time

A

Temporal Precedence

99
Q

Alternative explanations

A

Confounds

100
Q

Participants in one levels are systematically different than those in the other

A

Selection effects

Research Methods (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions