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Research Methods > Measurement and Statistics > Flashcards

Measurement and Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

A set of statistics used to organize and summarize the properties of a set of data

A

Descriptive Statistics

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2
Q

A set of techniques that uses the laws of chance and probability to help researchers make decisions about what their data means and what inferences they can make from them

A

Inferential Statistics

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3
Q

A measure of what value the individual scores tend to center on

A

Central Tendency

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4
Q

The value of the most common score

A

Mode

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5
Q

The value of the middlemost score - divides a frequency distribution into halves

A

Median

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6
Q

Average score - found by adding all the scores together and dividing by the number of scores

A

Mean

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7
Q

Computation that quantifies how spread out scores of a sample are around their mean

A

Variance (SD^2)

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8
Q

Computation that captures how far, on average, each score is from the mean

A

Standard Deviation (SD)

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9
Q

How do you calculate SD?

A
  1. Subtract the mean from each Score: X-M
  2. Square each of the scores: (X-M)^2
  3. Add up the totals: Sum of (X-M)^2
  4. Divide the Sum by number of scores minus one
  5. Find the square root
    (Variance is the same without step 5)
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10
Q

Process for studying conceptual variables?

A

Define the construct

Create an operational definition

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11
Q

Operationalize variables by recording people’s answers to questions about themselves in a questionnaire or interview

A

Self-Report Measures

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12
Q

Operationalize a variable by recording observable behaviors or physical traces of behavior

A

Observational Measures

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13
Q

Operationalize a variable by recording biological data such as brain activity, hormone levels, or heart rate

A

Physiological Measures

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14
Q

A variable whose levels are categories

A

Categorical (Nominal) Variable

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15
Q

A variable whose values can be recorded as meaningful numbers

A

Quantitative Variable

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16
Q

A Quantitative measurement scale who levels represent a ranked order in which it is unclear whether the distances are equal

A

Ordinal Scale

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17
Q

A Quantitative measurement scale that has no true zero and in which the numerals represent equal intervals between the levels

A

Interval Scale

18
Q

A Quantitative measurement scale in which the numerals have equal intervals and the value of zero truly means nothing

A

Ratio Scale

19
Q

An IQ test is an example of what type of scale for measurement?

A

Interval Scale - there is no true zero

20
Q

Measuring number of times you roll a dice is an example of what type of measurement scale?

A

Ratio scale - you could potential count zero

21
Q

How consistent the results of a measure are - same object being assessed in the same circumstance should get the same results

A

Reliability

22
Q

The consistency in result every time a measure is used

A

Test-Retest Reliability

23
Q

The degree to which two or more observers give consistent ratings of a set of target

A

Interrater Reliability

24
Q

In a measure that contains several items the consistency in a pattern of answers no matter how a question is phrased

A

Internal Reliability

25
Q

Making sure a measure measures the conceptual variable they are intended to measure

A

Validity of Measure

26
Q

The extent to which a measure is subjectively considered a plausible operationalization of the conceptual variable in question - it looks as if it should be a good measure

A

Face Validity

27
Q

The extent to which a measure captures all parts of a defined construct - the measure contains all the parts that the theory says it should contain

A

Content Validity

28
Q

Establishes the extent to which a measure is correlated with a behavior or concrete outcome that it should be related to

A

Criterion Validity

29
Q

Establishes the extent to which a measure is associated with other measures of a theoretically similar construct

A

Convergent Validity

30
Q

Establishes the extent to which a measure does not associate strongly with measures of other theoretically different constructs

A

Discriminant Validity

31
Q

Relationship between Reliability and Validity

A

Reliability of a measure is not the same as the validity
Reliability is necessary but not sufficient for Validity
A measure can be less valid than it is reliable but it can not be more valid that it is reliable

32
Q

A Single number ranging from -1.0 to 1.0 used to indicate the strength and direction of an association (how close the dots on a scatter plot are to the line drawn through them)

A

Correlation Coefficient

33
Q

A type of measurement validity that represents the extent to which a measure is related to a concrete future outcome that it should be related to

A

Predictive Validity

34
Q

The spread of scores (highest minus lowest)

A

Range

35
Q

The degree to which the recorded measure for a participant on some variable differs from the true value of the variable for that participant

A

Measurement Error

36
Q

Is the scale measuring what it is supposed to measuring - how accurate is the measure

A

Measure Validity

37
Q

Measures the extent to which all parts of the test contribute equally to what is being measured by comparing results of one half of the test with the results from the other half

A

Split-Half Reliability

38
Q

A correlation-based statistic that measures a scale’s internal reliability

A

Cronbach’s Alpha

39
Q

A coefficient in statistics which measures interrater agreement for qualitative terms - degree of consistency between two raters

A

Cohen’s Kappa

40
Q

A method for establishing criterion validity in which a researcher tests two or more groups who are known to differ on the variable of interest to ensure that they score differently on a measure of that variable

A

Known-groups paradigm

41
Q

Participants in a research scenario are given two different versions of the same test at different times - the scores are then compared to see if it is a reliable measure

A

Alternate Form Reliability

Research Methods (15 decks)

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