Ethics Flashcards
Which organizations are involved in the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS) of Ethical Research?
CIHR - Canadian Institutes of Health Research
SSHRC - Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council
NSERC - Natural Science and Engineering Research Council
What are the core principles of the TCPS guidelines?
Respect for Persons
Concern for Welfare (Beneficence)
Justice
Researchers must take precautions to protect participants from harm and to ensure their well-being
Concern for Welfare
Researchers need to carefully assess the risks and benefits of the research they plan to conduct
Concern for Welfare
There must be a fair balance between the kinds of people who participate in research and the kinds of people who benefit from it
Justice
Any decision to include or exclude certain people from a study must be justified on scientific grounds
Justice
Researchers must acquire informed consent
Respect for Persons
Researchers are not allowed to mislead participants about the study’s risk and benefits
Respect for Persons
A researcher may not coerce or unduly influence a person into participating in research
Respect for Persons
Protection of vulnerable populations
Respect for Persons
What type of research involves publicly available information, observing people in public places, or using already collected anonymous data?
Exempt Research
What type of research involves risk which is no greater than that encountered in daily life or non-sensitive tests?
Minimal Risk Research
What type of research is subjected to thorough review and addition safeguards beyond informed consent,?
Greater than Minimal Risk Research
Animal Care Guidelines
Replacement - avoid using animal model
Reduction - minimize number of animals used
Refinement - minimize pain and distress
When researchers invent data that fir their hypothesis
Data fabrication
When research influence a study’s results by deleting observations from data or influencing their subjects to act in the hypothesized way
Data falsification
To inform participants afterward about a study’s true nature, details, and hypothesis
Debriefing
To withhold dome of the details of a study from participants
Deception though omission
To actively lie to participants about the study
Deception through commission
What three kinds of ethic violations are demonstrated in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
Not Treated Respectfully - Lied to, withheld information from, no informed consent, coerced families (Respect for Persons)
Harmed - Subject to painful tests and not given treatment that could cure them (Concern for Welfare)
Targeted Disadvantaged social group - only targeted African American men (Justice)
What ethical questions are raised in the Milgram Obedience Study?
Was it ethical to put unsuspecting volunteers through such a stressful experience?
What is the lasting effect of the study?
Was the risk to participants outweighed by the value of the knowledge?
Coercing or unduly influencing a person into participating in research violated which principle of ethics?
Respect for Persons
Misleading people about the study’s risks and benefits violated which principle of ethics?
Respect for Persons
When researchers explicitly or implicitly suggest that those who do not participate will suffer a negative consequence
Coercion
Violates Respect for Persons
When researchers offer an incentive too attractive to refuse
Undue Influence
Violates Respect for Persons
Treating populations who are unable to give informed consent since they may not be able to understand the procedures involved with special consideration falls under which core ethic principle?
Respect for Persons
Withholding treatment that are known to be helpful to study participants is a violation of which principle of ethics?
Concern for Welfare (Beneficence)
Researchers should first ensure that the participants involved in a study are representative of the kinds of people who would also benefit from its results
Justice
What are the ethical costs and benefits of doing the study with deception, compared with the ethical cost of doing it this way?
Concern for Welfare
