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Respiratory > Surgical conditions of the Horse > Flashcards

Surgical conditions of the Horse Flashcards

1
Q

Primary problems

A 
nasal discharge
exercise intolerance/poor athletic performance
abnormal resp noise - stridor/stertor
epistaxis
swelling of neck/head
cough
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2
Q

workup of upper resp disease

A 
history
signalment
PE
exam at work
exam of LRT
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3
Q

exam of URT

A 
nasal discharge
facial symmetry
airflow
palpate - nostrils, nasal septum, sinuses, gutteral pouches, regional nodes, larynx, trachea
percuss - paranasal sinuses
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4
Q

special exams

A 
endoscope
radiograph/CT scan
sinoscopy
bacterial culture/sensitivity
biopsy for cytology/histopathology
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5
Q

dynamic exam

A 
treadmill/overground
endoscopy at high speed
measure airway pressure
ECG
assess lameness
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6
Q

source of nasal discharge - laterality

A

unilateral - sinuses, nasal passage, guttural pouch

bilateral - lungs pharynx

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7
Q

nasal discharge - odour

A

dental disease
neoplasia
necrotising LRT disease

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8
Q

nasal discharge - no odour

A

LRT disease
sinusitis
pharyngitis
pouch empyema

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9
Q

sources of nasal discharge

A 
nasal passages
paranasal sinuses
guttural pouches
pharynx/larynx
LRT
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10
Q

nasal discharge d/t nasal passage disease - causes

A

bacterial/fungal inf of septum/turbinates

neoplasia

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11
Q

nasal discharge d/t nasal passage disease - diagnosis

A

endoscopy

radiography, CT

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12
Q

nasal discharge d/t nasal passage disease - treatment

A

medical
laser
surgical

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13
Q

nasal discharge d/t sinusitis

A

find the source of the problem - PE, endoscopy, radiography, CT

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14
Q

causes of sinusitis

A

dental
bacterial + fungal infection
neoplasia

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15
Q

sinusitis - treatment

A

medical - lavage + atb

surgical - sinuscopy, remove cause, flap sinusotomy

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16
Q

sinoscopy

A

can be done in standing horse

different portals can be made to visualise the seperate sinuses

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17
Q

causes of nasal discharge d/t gutteral pouch (GP) disease

A

GP empyema - most common
GP catarrah - excess mucous d/t infl
GP mycosis
GP neoplasia

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18
Q

gutterl pouch empyema - diagnosis

A

endoscope
radiography
r/o chondroids
culture

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19
Q

GP empyema - treatment - medical

A

pouch lavage
atb therapy
remove chondroids

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20
Q

GP empyema - treatment - surgical

A

different approaches for drainage + chondroid removal

tracheostomy

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21
Q

nasal discharge d/t pharynx/larynx disease - causes

A

acute/chronic pharyngitis

acute laryngitis/epiglottitis

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22
Q

nasal discharge d/t pharynx/larynx disease - clinical signs

A

stridor

cough

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23
Q

nasal discharge d/t pharynx/larynx disease - diagnosis

A

endoscopy

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24
Q

nasal discharge d/t pharynx/larynx disease - treament

A

medical
transendoscopic surgery
laryngotomy

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25
causes of URT obstruction (noise) - consistency - fixed
mass lesions chondritis strictures
26
causes of URT obstruction (noise) - consistency - dynamic
RLN DDSP AEE
27
causes of URT obstruction (noise) - quality - stridor
``` narrowed airways RLN mass lesions chondritis strictures ```
28
causes of URT obstruction (noise) - quality - strertor
tissue vibration DDSP nostril problems
29
causes of URT obstruction (noise) - phases
inspiratory expiratory both
30
causes of URT obstruction - nostrils
alar fold collapse | incomplete dilation of nares
31
causes of URT obstruction - nasal passage
septal disease small nasal passages eruption bumps mass lesions
32
causes of URT obstruction - sinuses
cysts | mass lesions
33
causes of URT obstruction - pharynx
dorsal displacement of soft palate (DDSP) postural compression pharyngeal cysts
34
causes of URT obstruction - larynx
recurrent laryngeal neuropathy epiglottic entrament arytenoid chondritis
35
anatomy of DDSP
usually soft palate fixed to larynx in DDSP it moves dorsal to the epiglottis decr area of nasopharynx - incr resistance to airflow
36
DDSP - clinical signs
expiratory noise - stertor decr athletic performance mouth breathing
37
DDSP - causes
morphological abnormalities | neuromuscular dysfunction
38
DDSP - diagosis
``` dynamic endoscopy is best Hx rule out other URT disease assess gutteral pouches clinical signs ```
39
conservative treatment of DDSP
treat concurrent disease minimise poll flexion keep mouth closed tongue-tie
40
surgical treatment of DDSP
sternothyroideus myectomy thermal palatoplasty laryngeal tie-forward
41
sites of pharyngeal cysts
subepiglottic dorsal pharyngeal palatine
42
signs of pharyngeal cysts
foals - dysphagia, pyspnoea | young adults - poor performance, resp disease
43
recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN)
degenerative axonopathy of recurrent laryngeal nerve left side impared function of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle
44
RLN - clinical signs
asymptomatic at rest inspiratory stridor at moderate exercise decr athletic performance at high levels of exercise
45
treatment of laryngeal dysfunction
grades 1 - 3A - no treatment grade 3B - ventriculocordectomy +/- laryngoplasty prosthesis grade 3C - same as grade 4
46
treatment of laryngeal grade 4 dysfunction
high performance horse - laryngoplasty +/- ventriculocordectomy low performance horse - ventriculocordectomy
47
epiglottic entrapment
epiglottis trapped by subepiglotic mucosea + aryepiglotic fold may be intermittent stridor + performance may be asymptomatic
48
epiglottic entrapment - treatment
midline division of entrapping tissue
49
epiglottic hypoplasia/deformity
predisposes to DDSP + epiglottic entrapment
50
arytenoid chondritis
chronic infection of arytenoid cartilage | aetiology unknown
51
arytenoid chondritis - clinical signs
similar to laryngeal hemiplegia stridor during work asymptomatic at rest
52
arytenoid chondritis - treatment
excision of intraluminal protuberances | removal of affected arytenoid cartilage
53
dynamic obstructions - examples
``` pisplaced soft palate nasopharyngeal collapse epiglottic retroversion axial deviation aryepiglottic folds intermittent epiglotic entrapment ```
54
causes of stridor in foals
pharyngeal cysts choanal atresia bilateral recurrent laryngeal neuropathy gutteral pouch tympany
55
progressive ethmoidal haematoma (PEH)
enlarging, non-neoplastic mass lesions in the ethmoid turbinate
56
PEH - histology
capsule of resp mucosa + fibrous tissue | stroma of blood, fibrous tissue, macrophages, giant cells + haemosiderocytes
57
ethmoid haematoma - clinical signs
spontaneous epistaxis | bilateral in 15-30%
58
ethmoid haematoma - endoscopy
smooth green/black to red/brown mass in ethmoid region
59
ethmoid haematoma - radiography
defines size | smooth, well-circumscribed mass rostral to ethmoid labyrinth
60
ethmoid haematoma - diagnosis + DDx
biopsy of lesions | neoplasia, fungal infection/trauma
61
ethmoid haematoma - conventional treatment
excise via maxillary/frontonasal bone flap | profuse bleeding
62
ethmoid haematoma - laser treatment
can be used to destroy lesions avoids flap sinusotomy expensive + multiple treatment
63
ethmoid haematoma - treating with intralesional formalin
low equipment cost | needs repeated treatments
64
guttural pouch mycosis - causes
fungal (apergillus)
65
guttural pouch mycosis - clincal signs
epistaxis dysphagia nasal discharge horners syndrome
66
guttural pouch mycosis - diagnosis
endoscopy | radiography
67
guttural pouch mycosis - treatment
epistaxis - ligate or occlusion mycotic lesion - antifungals supportive care
68
fungal sinusitis
may be with nasal discharge/epistaxis unknown cause diagnose by sinoscopy treat with sinus lavage
69
atheroma - clinical signs
sebaceous cyst in nasal diverticulum in 1st 2 years of life uni/bilateral cosmetic, not obstructive
70
atheroma - treatment
surgical excision | drainage + chemical ablation of secretory lining
71
causes of sinus swelling
cysts neoplasia PEH obstucted nasomaxillary orifice
72
sinus cysts - cause + clinical signs
congeital cystic dysplasia of sinus mucosa | decr airflow on affected side, nasal discharge
73
sinus cysts - treatment + prognosis
breakdown of cyst walls via flap sinusotomy | prognosis guearded
74
sinus neoplasia - types
squamous cell carcinoma | types of sarcoma
75
sinus neoplasia - clinical signs
facial swelling decr airflow of affected side nasal discharge epiphora
76
sinus neoplasia - treatment + prognosis
excision | v.poor
77
gutteral pouch tympany
excessive air in gutteral pouch | congenital or acquired
78
gutteral pouch tympany - clinical signs
tympanitic swelling in parotid region uin/bilateral severe cases - dysphagia, resp disease
79
gutteral pouch tympany - treatment - unilateral
fenestration of median septum via vibrog's triangle
80
gutteral pouch tympany - treatment - bilateral
fenestration of median septum | resection of lateral lamina of auditory tube

Respiratory (21 decks)

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