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respiratory > Infectious respiratory disease of the dog > Flashcards

Infectious respiratory disease of the dog Flashcards

1
Q

kennel cough complex

A

Infectious canine tracheobronchitis

Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) complex

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2
Q

kennel cough - aetiology

A

Canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV)
Canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2)
Bordetella bronchiseptica

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3
Q

Bordetella bronchiseptica

A

Primary respiratory pathogen
Frequently isolated from dogs with respiratory disease (also found with no clinical signs)
Attaches to cilia in URT
release of bacterial toxins damages respiratory epithelium + MCE (ciliostatic)

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4
Q

Canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV)

A

Causes mild respiratory disease
Frequently isolated from dogs with respiratory disease
More severe if in combination with Bordetella

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5
Q

canine adenovirus (CAV)

A

Type 2 causes respiratory disease
Not commonly associated with kennel cough in UK - good adenovirus vaccine uptake
Type 1 causes hepatitis (ICH) (can cause respiratory disease as well)

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6
Q

agents frequently present in dogs with CIRD

A

Canine herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1)
Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV)
Mycoplasmas (esp M. cynos)
canine pneumovirus

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7
Q

canine herpesvirus (CHV)

A

Systemic + often fatal disease in neonate puppies, under 3 days (vaccine for dams available) - thermo-sensitive virus
Isolated from adult dogs with respiratory disease
Detected in 25% of dogs with severe clinical signs
Potential reactivation of latent virus due to other disease?
necrosis in kidneys + liver

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8
Q

canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV)

A

Associated with mild respiratory disease
Highly contagious
Vaccine currently under development
Distinct from canine enteric coronavirus (CECoV)
Vaccines for canine (enteric) coronavirus do not cross protect

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9
Q

mycoplasmas

A

Many different species in dogs

Mycoplasma cynos is associated with resp disease

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10
Q

Epidemiology of CIRD complex

A

Very common in dogs that are housed in groups
Very contagious
Transmission by aerosol/droplets during contact with infected dogs

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11
Q

CIRD - pathogenesis

A

Infection of resp epithelialcells by viruses/Bordetella
Cell damage by viruses + bacterial toxins
Inhibition of ciliary clearance by damage to ciliated cells
Potential secondary bacterial infections
Different mix of infectious agents may produce same clinical signs

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12
Q

CIRD - clinical signs

A

Usually apparent 3-7 days after exposure
Cough (dry or productive), retching - particularly during exercise + on lead
Nasal +/- ocular discharge, sneezing
In most cases recovery after 1-3 weeks

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13
Q

CIRD - systemic disease

A

depression, pyrexia, inappetence
Progress to bronchopneumonia by secondary bacterial infections
Canine distemper virus
strep equi subsp. zooepidemicus

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14
Q

CIRD - diagnosis

A

History and clinical signs
tests usually only needed if no improvement after 2 weeks or if signs of systemic disease
Tests are also useful in cases of persistent problems in boarding kennels, vet hospitals or rehoming centres

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15
Q

CIRD - diagnositic tests

A

Isolation of bacteria - antibiotic sensitivity
Viral isolation or PCR to rule out distemper virus
done on tracheo-bronchial wash but in practice usually a deep pharyngeal swab
Serology: only useful if paired serum samples
Faecal smear/serology: rule out Angiostrongylus sp.
Haematology - neutrophilia
Radiography and rhinoscopy

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16
Q

CIRD - treatment

A

rest
antibiotics
Cough suppressants, bronchodialtors, mucolytics

17
Q

CIRD - prevention + control

A

vaccine - Prevent/reduce severity and length of disease

many infectious agents - vaccine may not always be 100% successful

18
Q

vaccines against respiratory viruses - Parenteral vaccines

A

induce high antibody (mainly IgG) conc in bloodstream

IgA and IgG concentration on mucosal surface lower than for intranasal vaccines

19
Q

vaccines against respiratory viruses - Intranasal vaccines

A

stimulate mostly IgA and mostly on mucosal surface

Serum IgG also produced but at lower levels compared to parenteral application

20
Q

intranasal vaccine - advantages

A

Stimulate local immune response in respiratory tract

Act more rapidly compared to systemic vaccines

21
Q

intranasal vaccine - disadvantages

A

Shorter duration of immunity

Difficult to administer to uncooperative dogs

22
Q

B. bronchiseptica vaccines

A 
Live attenuated 
At least 5 days before kennelling 
Often compulsory for boarding kennels 
Immunity is short lived 
Live attenuated strains are old and may be different from current field isolates
23
Q

canine parainfluenza vaccines

A

Live attenuated

Either included in systemic combination vaccine or intranasal application

24
Q

canine adenovirus vaccine

A

CAV types 1 and 2 cross protect

Systemic vaccines containing either CAV-1 or CAV-2 protective against both types

25
Q

canine distemper - spread

A

canine distemper virues (CDV)
shed in all body fluids
spread by aerosol or close contact
Ferrets – highly susceptible to CDV

26
Q

canine distemper - pathogenesis

A

Virus enters via the respiratory tract
Spreads to tonsils and local lymph nodes
Infects monocytes/macrophages
Viraemia, systemic dissemination
2-3 weeks after infection dogs which are able to develop a good humoral and cellular immune response will recover or develop a mild form of the disease
In dogs with insufficient immune response CDV spreads to epithelial cells of the respiratory, gastrointestinal + genitourinary tract as well as the CNS
CDV causes immunosuppression - secondary
bacterial infections

27
Q

canine distemper - clinical signs

A 
Nasal and ocular discharge 
Cough 
Diarrhoea 
Vomiting 
Depression 
Anorexia
28
Q

canine distemper - CNS signs

A

Seizures, Incoordination, Paresis/Paralysis, Muscle tremors
Ocular lesions (degeneration of retina, optic neuritis)
Sometimes develop without obvious other clinical signs of distemper
Neuronal destruction
Demyelination

29
Q

hard pad/nose disease

A

hyperkeratosis of foot pad/nose

caused by some CDV strains

30
Q

distemper teeth

A

In dogs that develop distemper before they have their permanent teeth
Hypoplasia of the enamel
infection of ameloblasts

31
Q

canine distemper - diagnosis

A

Clinical signs and history
Haematology: lymphopenia
Serology: IgM indicative of recent infection
Virus isolation/PCR: specialist laboratories
Immunofluorescence on conjunctival smears
Cerebrospinal fluid: CDV specific antibody detection in dogs with neurologic signs

32
Q

canine distemper - treatment

A

Antibiotics to prevent secondary infections
Fluid therapy
Sedatives, anticonvulsive drugs
CNS signs may improve with time

33
Q

canine distemper - prevention + control

A

Live attenuated vaccines widely available
8 weeks, 10-12 weeks and 1 year - boosters every 2 years
Isolation of dogs
Disinfection of kennel

34
Q

influenza virus

A

Outbreaks of respiratory disease
initially at greyhound racetracks in USA
Some dogs developed mild respiratory disease
8/22 died from haemorrhagic pneumonia
Influenza virus closely related to equine influenza virus H3N8

35
Q

canine influenza virus (CIV)

A

direct transfer of equine virus rather than reassortment
Spread within the canine population by dog to dog contact
presence of influenza virus in subsequent outbreaks of non-fatal resp disease
vaccine in USA

36
Q

Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus

A

fatal in dogs
In recent years increasingly reported in dogs
Pyrexia, haemorrhagic nasal discharge and sudden death
PM: severe necro-haemorrhagic and fibrino-suppurative bronchopneumonia
unknown if outbreaks linked to contact with horses

37
Q

Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus - diagnosis + treatment

A

isolation from lung samples or swabs

: i.v. fluid therapy and antibiotics

respiratory (21 decks)

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