Approach to dyspneoa + common conditions in dogs + cats Flashcards
causes of dyspnoea - 5 catagories
obstruction of airways loss of thoracic capacity pulmonary parenchymal disease Pulmonary vascular disease others - metabolic/physiological/vascular
upper airway obstruction often characterized by…
incr resp noise + inspiratory dyspnoea
obstruction of airways - causes
neoplasia trauma foreign body laryngeal paralysis brachycephalic obstructive airway disease tracheal/bronchial collapse lymphosarcoma asthma/bronchospasm
causes of loss of thoracic capacity
pleural effusion pneumothorax neoplasia ruptured diaphram cranial abdominal disease gross cardiomegaly peritoneo-pericardio-diaphramatic hernia
pulmonary parenchymal disease associated with…
audible crackles, esp if theres alveolar flooding or fibrosis
pulmonary parenchymal disease - causes
pulmonary oedema neoplasia pulmonary haemorrhage bronchopneumonia paraquat poisoning idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis LRT parasites
metabolic/physiological causes
hyperthermia obesity pulmonary thromboembolism exitement/exercise acidosis anaemia CNS disease endocrine neuormuscular disease
most effective confirmation of pulmonary parenchymal or pleural disease is…
thoracic radiography
haematology + biochemistry
looks for evidence of infl disease
discriminate between eosinophilic + neutrophilic infl
predominantly eosinophilc infl in which diseases
asthma, pulmonary infiltrate, parasitism
predominantly neutrophilc infl in which disease
pnemonia
tracheobronchial/bronchoalveolar washes
determine type of infl in the LRT
may be able to identify primary agent
infectious feline respiratory disease - aetiology
feline herpes virus-1 (FHV-1) aka Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FVR) feline calicivirus chlamydophila felis bordetella bronchiseptica mycoplasmas (feline reovirus) (cowpox virus)
infectious feline respiratory disease - clinical signs
vary in severity depending on infective organism
FHV has most severe signs
chlamydophilia can cause more ocular signs
calicivirus can cause lameness + severe + fatal systemic disease
infectious feline respiratory disease - diagnosis
clinical signs + Hx
less important for specific diagnosis in single case compared to an outbreak
viral isolation or bacteriology (bordatella)
serology not useful due to vaccines
infectious feline respiratory disease - treament
supportive care
mostly done at home to prevent spread of infectious disease
assist respiration
adequate fluid therapy
nutritional support - strong smelling to stimulate appetite
infectious feline respiratory disease - specific treamtent
none for viruses
c.felis or b.bronchiseptica - oxytetracycline + doxycycline
avoid in young animals as causes enamel staining
infectious feline respiratory disease - epidemiology
FHV + calicivirus can be chronically shed - continous or intermittently
infectious feline respiratory disease - control
vaccines
not all strains of calicivirus covered by vaccine
In order to cause dyspnoea and obstructive disease must either
Cause significant obstruction of the upper respiratory tract
Cause obstruction of a large number of the small airways of the lower respiratory tract
Pulmonary vascular causes
Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary thromboembolic disease
Initial assessment
Obstructive - URT obstruction and dyspnoea associated with noise and increased inspiratory effort
Pleural - decreased respiratory noise on auscultation, fluid line on percussion
Pulmonary – may have increased respiratory noise on auscultation particularly wheezes and crackles
Metabolic/Miscellaneous
emergency measures
URT obstruction - Establish airway, Anaesthesia and intubation, Tracheostomy
Pleural effusion/pneumothorax - Thoracocentesis
feline herpes virus-1 (FHV-1) aka Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FVR)
Conjunctivitis, rhinitis, tracheitis, laryngitis
Sneezing, hypersalivation, serous or mucopurulent oculo-nasal discharge
Dendritic corneal ulcers
Reproductive problems
Abortion
Congenitally infected kittens
Encephalitis and hepatitis
